CVEs from 2014

7,878 normalized CVEs published or assigned in this year.

Total
7,878
critical
critical 837
high
high 1,288
medium
medium 4,980
low
low 583
% Critical
10.6%
% with KEV
0.4%
% with exploit
2.1%

Top vendors

Top products

  • chrome 3,804
  • moodle 1,668
  • flash_player 1,397
  • firefox 1,239
  • mediawiki 1,130
  • ffmpeg 998
  • acrobat 966
  • acrobat_reader 944
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KEVHas exploit
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CVE Severity CVSS Risk Flags OS Vendor Published Description
CVE-2014-7475 medium 5.4 12y ago The Ionic View (aka com.ionic.viewapp) application 0.0.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitiv…
CVE-2014-7472 medium 5.4 12y ago The CSApp - Colegio San Agustin (aka com.goodbarber.csapp) application 1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers a…
CVE-2014-7471 medium 5.4 12y ago The international-arbitration-attorney.com (aka com.w0f1d79a1010d819acbee876007d0bebc) application 0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle …
CVE-2014-7470 medium 5.4 12y ago The I Know the Movie (aka com.guilardi.jesaislefilm2) application jesais_film_android_1.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to …
CVE-2014-7469 medium 5.4 12y ago The Best Beginning (aka com.bbbeta) application 2.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive inf…
CVE-2014-7468 medium 5.4 12y ago The AG Klettern Odenwald (aka de.appack.project.agko) application 1.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and ob…
CVE-2014-7467 medium 5.4 12y ago The HoneyBee Mag (aka com.magzter.honeybeemag) application 3.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain se…
CVE-2014-7466 medium 5.4 12y ago The Live TV Browser (aka com.wHDSmartBrowser) application 2.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sen…
CVE-2014-7465 medium 5.4 12y ago The PC Advisor (aka com.triactivemedia.pcadvisor) application @7F08017A for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and …
CVE-2014-7464 medium 5.4 12y ago The Magic Stamp (aka vn.avagame.apotatem) application 2.8 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensiti…
CVE-2014-7463 medium 5.4 12y ago The IM5 Fans Planet (aka uk.co.pixelkicks.im5) application 2.3.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain …
CVE-2014-7462 medium 5.4 12y ago The Fashion Story: Neon 90's (aka com.teamlava.fashionstory39) application 1.5.6.5 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof s…
CVE-2014-7461 medium 5.4 12y ago The A King Sperm by Dr. Seema Rao (aka com.wKingSperm) application 0.63.13384.23020 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof …
CVE-2014-7460 medium 5.4 12y ago The Slots Heaven:FREE Slot Machine (aka com.twelvegigs.heaven.slots) application 1.123 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spo…
CVE-2014-7459 medium 5.4 12y ago The Press-Leader (aka com.soln.S95309F65AD59F99CFC2C710A517B0B7E) application 1.0011.b0011 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to…
CVE-2014-7458 medium 5.4 12y ago The BloomYou Valentine (aka com.bloomyouteam.bloomyou.valentine) application 2.4 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof ser…
CVE-2014-7457 medium 5.4 12y ago The Electronics For You (aka com.magzter.electronicsforyou) application 3.02 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers…
CVE-2014-7456 medium 5.4 12y ago The Digit Magazine (aka com.magzter.digitmagazine) application 3.01 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obta…
CVE-2014-7455 medium 5.4 12y ago The Zoella Unofficial (aka com.automon.ay.zoella) application 1.4.0.5 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and ob…
CVE-2014-7454 medium 5.4 12y ago The Detox Juicing Diet Recipes (aka com.wDetoxJuicingDietRecipes) application 1.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof se…
CVE-2014-7452 medium 5.4 12y ago The Shaklee Product Catalog (aka com.wProductCatalog) application 2.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and ob…
CVE-2014-7450 medium 5.4 12y ago The allnurses (aka com.tapatalk.allnursescom) application 3.4.10 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain …
CVE-2014-7449 medium 5.4 12y ago The My NGEMC Account (aka com.ngemc.smartapps) application 1.153.0034 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and ob…
CVE-2014-7448 medium 5.4 12y ago The DealSide Institutional (aka com.magzter.dealsideinstitutional) application 3.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof s…
CVE-2014-7447 medium 5.4 12y ago The Dattch - The Lesbian App (aka com.dattch.dattch.app) application 0.30 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers an…
CVE-2014-7446 medium 5.4 12y ago The Bilingual Magic Ball (aka com.wBilingualMagicBall) application 0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and o…
CVE-2014-7445 medium 5.4 12y ago The LEGEND OF TRANCE (aka com.legendoftrance) application 1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sen…
CVE-2014-7444 medium 5.4 12y ago The Baidu Navigation (aka com.baidu.navi) application 3.5.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensi…
CVE-2014-7443 medium 5.4 12y ago The Face Fun Photo Collage Maker 2 (aka com.kauf.facefunphotocollagemaker2) application 1.3.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers…
CVE-2014-7441 medium 5.4 12y ago The Pakan Ken Tube (aka com.PakanKen) application 0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive i…
CVE-2014-7439 medium 5.4 12y ago The bene+ odmeny a slevy (aka cz.gemoney.bene.android) application 1.2.3 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and…
CVE-2014-7437 medium 5.4 12y ago The Love Horoscope Guide (aka com.charl.charlylovehoroscopes) application 1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof server…
CVE-2014-7436 medium 5.4 12y ago The SOS recette (aka com.sos.recette) application 1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive i…
CVE-2014-7435 medium 5.4 12y ago The AJD Bail Bonds (aka com.onesolutionapps.ajdbailbondsandroid) application 1.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof ser…
CVE-2014-7434 medium 5.4 12y ago The RTSinfo (aka ch.rts.rtsinfo) application 1.4.8 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive info…
CVE-2014-7433 medium 5.4 12y ago The Student ID (aka com.computas.studentbevis) application 1.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain se…
CVE-2014-7432 medium 5.4 12y ago The CalculatorApp (aka com.intuit.alm.testandroidapp) application 4.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and ob…
CVE-2014-7431 medium 5.4 12y ago The Breeze Jersey (aka com.sc.breezeje.banking) application 1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain s…
CVE-2014-7430 medium 5.4 12y ago The Flood-It (aka com.appspot.eoltek.flood) application 4.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensi…
CVE-2014-7428 medium 5.4 12y ago The 7725.com Three Kingdoms (aka com.platform7725.youai.jiejian) application 2.4 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof ser…
CVE-2014-7427 medium 5.4 12y ago The Hunting Trophy Whitetails (aka com.wHuntingTrophyWhitetails) application 0.75.13441.88885 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers…
CVE-2014-7425 medium 5.4 12y ago The Doodle Devil Free (aka com.joybits.doodledevil_free) application 2.1.4 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers a…
CVE-2014-7424 medium 5.4 12y ago The Quran Abu Bakr AshShatiri Free (aka com.wQuranAbuBakrFREE) application 1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof serve…
CVE-2014-7423 medium 5.4 12y ago The Youth Incorporated (aka com.magzter.youthincorporated) application 3.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers a…
CVE-2014-7422 medium 5.4 12y ago The HEA Mobile (aka com.homerelectric.smartapps) application 1.153.0034 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and …
CVE-2014-7421 medium 5.4 12y ago The Revel in the Rideau Lakes (aka com.mytoursapp.android.app326) application 1.0.6 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof …
CVE-2014-7420 medium 5.4 12y ago The Just Bureaucracy (aka com.magzter.justbureaucracy) application 3.0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and…
CVE-2014-7419 medium 5.4 12y ago The PokeCreator Lite (aka com.pokecreator.builderlite) application 1.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and o…
CVE-2014-7418 medium 5.4 12y ago The BBC Knowledge Magazine (aka com.magzter.bbcknowledge) application 3.01 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers a…
CVE-2014-7417 medium 5.4 12y ago The Real Academia de Bellas Artes (aka com.adianteventures.adianteapps.real_academia_de_bellas_artes) application 1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man…
CVE-2014-7416 medium 5.4 12y ago The Craft Stamper Magazine (aka com.triactivemedia.craftstamper) application @7F080183 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spo…
CVE-2014-7415 medium 5.4 12y ago The Asylum! (aka com.nobexinc.wls_96362255.rc) application 3.3.10 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain…
CVE-2014-7414 medium 5.4 12y ago The CLEO Malaysia (aka com.magzter.cleomalaysia) application 3.01 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain…
CVE-2014-7413 medium 5.4 12y ago The Rajendra Suriji (aka com.rajendrasuriji.nakodabhairav.com) application 1.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof serve…
CVE-2014-7410 medium 5.4 12y ago The Aptallik Testi (aka com.wAptallikTesti) application 4.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensi…
CVE-2014-7409 medium 5.4 12y ago The Liburan Hemat (aka com.liburan.bro) application 1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive…
CVE-2014-7408 medium 5.4 12y ago The Gary Johnson for President '12 (aka com.GaryJohnson2012) application 0.75.13439.53899 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to …
CVE-2014-7407 medium 5.4 12y ago The Game Day Tix (aka com.xcr.android.mygamedaytickets) application 2.4 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and …
CVE-2014-7406 medium 5.4 12y ago The Deakin University (aka com.desire2learn.campuslife.deakin.edu.au.directory) application 1.1.729.1694 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middl…
CVE-2014-7405 medium 5.4 12y ago The Belaire Family Orthodontics (aka com.app_bf.layout) application 1.304 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers an…
CVE-2014-7403 medium 5.4 12y ago The NZHondas.com (aka com.tapatalk.nzhondascom) application 3.6.14 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtai…
CVE-2014-7402 medium 5.4 12y ago The SK encar (aka com.encardirect.app) application @7F050000 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sens…
CVE-2014-7399 medium 5.4 12y ago The Suzanne Glathar (aka com.app_sglathar.layout) application 1.399 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obta…
CVE-2014-7398 medium 5.4 12y ago The Dil Bilgisi Kurallari (aka com.buronya.dilbilgisi) application 1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and o…
CVE-2014-7397 medium 5.4 12y ago The ileri Gazetesi - Yozgat (aka com.byfes.ilerigazetesi) application 1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers an…
CVE-2014-7396 medium 5.4 12y ago The PocketKnife Bravo Super (aka com.wPocketKnifeBravo) application 0.54.13345.33028 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof…
CVE-2014-7395 medium 5.4 12y ago The USF BCM (aka com.appmakr.app193115) application 252847 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensit…
CVE-2014-7394 medium 5.4 12y ago The www.alaaliwat.com (aka com.alaliwat.marsa) application 4.9 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain se…
CVE-2014-7393 medium 5.4 12y ago The 100 Beauty Tips (aka com.ww100BeautyTipsApp) application 1.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain …
CVE-2014-7392 medium 5.4 12y ago The Russian Federation Traffic Rules (aka com.russia.pdd) application 1.21 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers a…
CVE-2014-7391 medium 5.4 12y ago The Synx addictive puzzle game (aka us.synx.mobile.play) application 1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and…
CVE-2014-7390 medium 5.4 12y ago The Enchanted Fashion Crush (aka com.tabtale.springcrushbundleint) application 1.0.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof…
CVE-2014-7389 medium 5.4 12y ago The Amnesia Groove (aka com.nobexinc.wls_88552576.rc) application 3.2.3 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and …
CVE-2014-7388 medium 5.4 12y ago The Sunday Indian Oriya (aka com.magzter.thesundayindianoriya) application 3.0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof ser…
CVE-2014-7387 medium 5.4 12y ago The ACC Advocacy Action (aka com.acc.app.android.ui) application 2.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obt…
CVE-2014-7385 medium 5.4 12y ago The Aperture Mobile Media (aka com.app_aperturemobilemedia.layout) application 1.404 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof…
CVE-2014-7384 medium 5.4 12y ago The Joe's Lawn Service (aka com.appexpress.joeslawnservice) application 1.5 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers …
CVE-2014-7382 medium 5.4 12y ago The Alternative Connection (aka com.wAlternativeConnection) application 0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers …
CVE-2014-7380 medium 5.4 12y ago The Cedar Kiosk (aka com.apps2you.cedarkiosk) application 1.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sen…
CVE-2014-7379 medium 5.4 12y ago The Kiddie Kinderschoenen (aka nl.eigenwinkelapp.kiddiekinderschoenen) application 1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spo…
CVE-2014-7378 medium 5.4 12y ago The Jobranco (aka com.jobranco) application 1.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive informa…
CVE-2014-7376 medium 5.4 12y ago The Facebook Profits on Steroids (aka com.wFacebookProfitsonSteroids) application 0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoo…
CVE-2014-7375 medium 5.4 12y ago The Childcare (aka com.app_macchildcare.layout) application 1.399 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain…
CVE-2014-7374 medium 5.4 12y ago The SPIN - Motion Comic (aka me.narr8.android.serial.spin) application 2.1.7 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers…
CVE-2014-7373 medium 5.4 12y ago The Inspire Weddings (aka com.magzter.inspireweddings) application 3.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and o…
CVE-2014-7372 medium 5.4 12y ago The Mr.Sausage (aka com.app_mrsausage.layout) application 1.301 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain s…
CVE-2014-7371 medium 5.4 12y ago The Magic Balloonman Marty Boone (aka com.app_martyboone.layout) application 1.400 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof s…
CVE-2014-7370 medium 5.4 12y ago The Job MoBleeps (aka com.wJobMoBleeps) application 0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive…
CVE-2014-7369 medium 5.4 12y ago The Il Brillo Parlante (aka com.wIlBrilloParlante) application 0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtai…
CVE-2014-7368 medium 5.4 12y ago The Compassion Satisfaction (aka com.wCompassionSatisfactionWorkshopPresentation) application 0.75.13440.35155 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the…
CVE-2014-7367 medium 5.4 12y ago The TuS 1947 Radis (aka com.tus1947radis) application 1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensiti…
CVE-2014-7366 medium 5.4 12y ago The Identity (aka com.magzter.identity) application 3.01 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitiv…
CVE-2014-7364 medium 5.4 12y ago The Promotional Items (aka com.wPromotionalItems) application 0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain…
CVE-2014-7362 medium 5.4 12y ago The Naranjas Con Tocados (aka com.NaranjasConTocados.com) application 0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers an…
CVE-2014-7361 medium 5.4 12y ago The Harry's Pub (aka com.emunching.harryspub) application 1.0.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain s…
CVE-2014-7360 medium 5.4 12y ago The How To Boil Eggs (aka com.appmakr.app842173) application 251333 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obta…
CVE-2014-7359 medium 5.4 12y ago The MAPA DA MINA (aka com.wMAPADAMINA) application 0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive …
CVE-2014-7358 medium 5.4 12y ago The Vermont Powder (aka com.concursive.vermontpowder) application 4.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and ob…
CVE-2014-7357 medium 5.4 12y ago The Grandparenting is Great (aka com.app_gig.layout) application 1.400 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and o…
CVE-2014-7354 medium 5.4 12y ago The Penumbra eMag (aka com.magzter.penumbraemag) application 3.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain …