CVEs from 2014

7,878 normalized CVEs published or assigned in this year.

Total
7,878
critical
critical 837
high
high 1,288
medium
medium 4,980
low
low 583
% Critical
10.6%
% with KEV
0.4%
% with exploit
2.1%

Top vendors

Top products

  • chrome 3,804
  • moodle 1,668
  • flash_player 1,397
  • firefox 1,239
  • mediawiki 1,130
  • ffmpeg 998
  • acrobat 966
  • acrobat_reader 944
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CVE Severity CVSS Risk Flags OS Vendor Published Description
CVE-2014-7353 medium 5.4 12y ago The JAZAN 24 (aka com.jazan24.Mcreda) application 1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive i…
CVE-2014-7352 medium 5.4 12y ago The India's Anthem (aka appinventor.ai_opalfoxy83.India_Anthem) application 1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof serv…
CVE-2014-7351 medium 5.4 12y ago The GLOBAL MOVIE MAGAZINE (aka com.magzter.globalmoviemagazine) application 3.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof serv…
CVE-2014-7348 medium 5.4 12y ago The HOT CARS (aka com.magzter.hotcars) application 3.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive …
CVE-2014-7346 medium 5.4 12y ago The Bespoke (aka com.magzter.bespoke) application 3.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive i…
CVE-2014-7345 medium 5.4 12y ago The DIYChatroom (aka com.tapatalk.diychatroomcom) application 3.4.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obta…
CVE-2014-7344 medium 5.4 12y ago The Classic Arms & Militaria (aka com.magazinecloner.classicarmsandm) application @7F080193 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers t…
CVE-2014-7342 medium 5.4 12y ago The Echo News (aka com.solo.report) 1.10 application (beta) for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensi…
CVE-2014-7341 medium 5.4 12y ago The SAsync (aka com.sasync.sasyncmap) application 1.2.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive…
CVE-2014-7340 medium 5.4 12y ago The Old Bike Mart (aka com.magazinecloner.oldbike) application @7F08017E for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and…
CVE-2014-7339 medium 5.4 12y ago The Cuanto Conoces A un Amigo (aka com.makeitpossible.CuantoConocesAunAmigo) application 2.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers …
CVE-2014-7338 medium 5.4 12y ago The faailkhair (aka com.faailkhair.app) application 1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive…
CVE-2014-7337 medium 5.4 12y ago The Acorn Estate Agents (aka com.acorn.ea) application 3.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensit…
CVE-2014-7336 medium 5.4 12y ago The Taking Your Company Public (aka biz.app4mobile.app_016e43d03ee54d1facd6c9532a00e724.app) application 1.28.44.441 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-…
CVE-2014-7335 medium 5.4 12y ago The Liver Health - Hepatitis C (aka gov.nyc.dohmh.HepC) application 2.0.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers an…
CVE-2014-7334 medium 5.4 12y ago The Where Dallas (aka com.magzter.wheredallas) application 3.0.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain …
CVE-2014-7333 medium 5.4 12y ago The Aloha Guide (aka com.aloha.guide.japnese) application 1.3 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sen…
CVE-2014-7331 medium 5.4 12y ago The TodaysSeniorsNetwork (aka com.wTodaysSeniorsNetwork) application 0.21.13245.84038 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoo…
CVE-2014-7330 medium 5.4 12y ago The XtendCU Mobile (aka com.metova.cuae.xtend) application 1.0.28 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain…
CVE-2014-7329 medium 5.4 12y ago The Motoring Classics (aka com.aptusi.android.motoring) application 1.8.6 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers an…
CVE-2014-7328 medium 5.4 12y ago The brain abundance info (aka com.wbrainabundance) application 0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtai…
CVE-2014-7327 medium 5.4 12y ago The Macau Business (aka com.magzter.macaubusiness) application 3.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtai…
CVE-2014-7326 medium 5.4 12y ago The ETA Mobile (aka com.en2grate.etamobile) application 1.6.6 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sen…
CVE-2014-7325 medium 5.4 12y ago The Business Intelligence (aka com.magzter.businessintelligence) application 3.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof ser…
CVE-2014-7323 medium 5.4 12y ago The Dignity Dialogue (aka com.magzter.dignitydialogue) application 3.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and o…
CVE-2014-7321 medium 5.4 12y ago The Firenze map (aka com.wFirenzemap) application 0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive i…
CVE-2014-7320 medium 5.4 12y ago The SHIRAKABA (aka com.SHIRAKABA) application 1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive infor…
CVE-2014-7317 medium 5.4 12y ago The Aloha Bail Bonds (aka com.onesolutionapps.alohabailbondsandroid) application 1.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof…
CVE-2014-7316 medium 5.4 12y ago The Safe Arrival (aka com.synrevoice.safearrival) application 1.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain…
CVE-2014-7315 medium 5.4 12y ago The Where Atlanta (aka com.magzter.whereatlanta) application 3.0.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtai…
CVE-2014-7314 medium 5.4 12y ago The Intelligent SME (aka com.magzter.intelligentsme) application 3.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obt…
CVE-2014-7313 medium 5.4 12y ago The One You Fitness (aka com.app_oneyou.layout) application 1.399 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain…
CVE-2014-7310 medium 5.4 12y ago The Ali Visual (aka com.ali.visual) application 1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive inf…
CVE-2014-7309 medium 5.4 12y ago The Where2Stop-Cardlocks-Free (aka appinventor.ai_kidatheart99.Where2Stop_Cardlocks) application 6.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle at…
CVE-2014-7307 medium 5.4 12y ago The ForoSocuellamos (aka com.forosocuellamos.tlcttbeukajwpeqreg) application 1.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof ser…
CVE-2014-7135 medium 5.4 12y ago The Ayuntamiento de Coana (aka com.wInfoCoa) application 0.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sens…
CVE-2014-7134 medium 5.4 12y ago The PROF. USMAN ALI AWHEELA (aka com.wPROFUAAWHEELA) application 2.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obt…
CVE-2014-7132 medium 5.4 12y ago The Jambatan PBB Semporna (aka com.wJAMBATANPBBSEMPORNA) application 13523.82613 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof ser…
CVE-2014-7131 medium 5.4 12y ago The Digital Content NewFronts 2014 (aka com.coreapps.android.followme.newfronts2014) application 6.0.7.6 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middl…
CVE-2014-7129 medium 5.4 12y ago The Argus Leader Print Edition (aka com.argusleader.android.prod) application 6.7 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof se…
CVE-2014-7128 medium 5.4 12y ago The Toyota OC (aka com.tapatalk.toyotaownersclubcomforums) application 3.6.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers…
CVE-2014-7127 medium 5.4 12y ago The Football Espana magazine (aka com.triactivemedia.footballespana) application @7F0801AA for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to…
CVE-2014-7125 medium 5.4 12y ago The Motor (aka com.magzter.motorhwpublishing) application 3.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sen…
CVE-2014-7124 medium 5.4 12y ago The IP Alarm (aka com.cosesy.gadget.alarm) application 1.4 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensit…
CVE-2014-7123 medium 5.4 12y ago The Brevir Harian V2 (aka com.brevir.harian.v) application 2.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain se…
CVE-2014-7122 medium 5.4 12y ago The Lansing State Journal Print (aka com.lansingjournal.android.prod) application 6.7 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoo…
CVE-2014-7121 medium 5.4 12y ago The Dhanam (aka com.magzter.dhanam) application 3.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive inf…
CVE-2014-7120 medium 5.4 12y ago The Model Laboratory (aka com.magazinecloner.modellaboratory) application @7F080193 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof …
CVE-2014-7119 medium 5.4 12y ago The GNAM 2013 (aka com.beepeers.gndam) application 1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive …
CVE-2014-7118 medium 5.4 12y ago The Itography Item Hunt (aka com.itography.application) application 3.0.3 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers an…
CVE-2014-7117 medium 5.4 12y ago The Forest Area FCU Mobile (aka com.metova.cuae.fafcu) application 1.0.29 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers an…
CVE-2014-7116 medium 5.4 12y ago The NRA Journal (aka com.magazinecloner.nationalrifleassociationjournal) application @7F080181 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attacker…
CVE-2014-7115 medium 5.4 12y ago The Letters to God - soc. network (aka com.wPismakBoguLetterstoGod) application 0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof …
CVE-2014-7113 medium 5.4 12y ago The NASA Universe Wallpapers Xeus (aka com.xeusNASA) application 1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obt…
CVE-2014-7111 medium 5.4 12y ago The Android Excellence (aka an.exc.ap) application 1.4.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitiv…
CVE-2014-7109 medium 5.4 12y ago The Nesvarnik (aka cz.dtest.nesvarnik) application 1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive …
CVE-2014-7108 medium 5.4 12y ago The Stop Headaches and Migraines (aka com.StopHeadachesandMigraines) application 1.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof…
CVE-2014-7100 medium 5.4 12y ago The www.sm3ny.com (aka sm3ny.com) application 1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive infor…
CVE-2014-7084 medium 5.4 12y ago The Hesheng 80 (aka com.ireadercity.c29) application 3.0.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensit…
CVE-2014-7083 medium 5.4 12y ago The Jiu Jik (aka com.scmp.jiujik) application 1.4.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive inf…
CVE-2014-7080 medium 5.4 12y ago The Sigong ebook (aka com.sigongsa.sigonggenre) application 1.0.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain…
CVE-2014-7079 medium 5.4 12y ago The Romeo and Juliet (aka jp.co.cybird.appli.android.rjs) application 1.0.6 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers …
CVE-2014-7075 medium 5.4 12y ago The HAPPY (aka com.tw.knowhowdesign.sinfonghuei) application 2.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain …
CVE-2014-7070 medium 5.4 12y ago The Air War Hero (aka com.dev.airwar) application 3.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive i…
CVE-2014-7056 medium 5.4 12y ago The Yeast Infection (aka com.wyeastinfectionapp) application 0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain …
CVE-2014-7052 medium 5.4 12y ago The sahab-alkher.com (aka com.tapatalk.sahabalkhercomvb) application 2.4.9.7 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers…
CVE-2014-7107 medium 5.4 12y ago The Human Factor (aka com.magzter.thehumanfactor) application 3.01 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtai…
CVE-2014-7106 medium 5.4 12y ago The Orakel-Ball (aka com.wOrakelball) application 0.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive i…
CVE-2014-7104 medium 5.4 12y ago The gymnoOVP (iOVP) (aka com.johtru.gymnoOVP) application 1.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sen…
CVE-2014-7103 medium 5.4 12y ago The Oskarshamnsliv (aka appinventor.ai_stadslivsguiden.Oskarshamnsliv) application 6.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spo…
CVE-2014-7102 medium 5.4 12y ago The Car Insurance Quote Comparison (aka com.seopa.quotezone) application 2.3 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers…
CVE-2014-7101 medium 5.4 12y ago The Talk Radio Europe (aka com.nobexinc.wls_31251464.rc) application 3.3.10 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers …
CVE-2014-7099 medium 5.4 12y ago The Woodcraft Magazine (aka com.magzter.woodcraftmagazine) application 3.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers a…
CVE-2014-7098 medium 5.4 12y ago The Fylet Secure Large File Sender (aka com.application.fyletFileSender) application 2.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to s…
CVE-2014-7093 medium 5.4 12y ago The Superbike Magazine (aka com.triactivemedia.superbike) application @7F08017A for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof serv…
CVE-2014-7092 medium 5.4 12y ago The Ubooly (aka com.ubooly.ubooly) application 4.3.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive in…
CVE-2014-7091 medium 5.4 12y ago The Sacramento Kings (aka com.tibco.gse.sports) application 6.0.8 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain…
CVE-2014-7090 medium 5.4 12y ago The MyVCCCD (aka com.dub.app.ventura) application 1.4.14 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitiv…
CVE-2014-7089 medium 5.4 12y ago The COMPETITION INFORMATION (aka com.ear.bilgiyarismasi) application 0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and…
CVE-2014-7088 medium 5.4 12y ago The JDM Lifestyle (aka com.hondatech) application 6.4 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive i…
CVE-2014-7087 medium 5.4 12y ago The Top Roller Coasters Europe 1 (aka com.appaapps.top10tallesteuropeanrollercoasters1) application @7F050001 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-…
CVE-2014-7086 medium 5.4 12y ago The Killer Screen lock (aka com.cc.theme.shashou) application 0.5 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain…
CVE-2014-7085 medium 5.4 12y ago The i Newspaper (aka com.independent.thei) application @7F080184 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain …
CVE-2014-7082 medium 5.4 12y ago The No Disturb (aka com.blogspot.imapp.imnodisturb) application 3.3 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obta…
CVE-2014-7078 medium 5.4 12y ago The Payoneer Sign Up (aka com.wPayoneerSignUp) application 0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain se…
CVE-2014-7077 medium 5.4 12y ago The Gulf Coast Educators FCU (aka com.metova.cuae.gcefcu) application 1.0.27 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers…
CVE-2014-7076 medium 5.4 12y ago The Sanctuary Asia (aka com.magzter.sanctuaryasia) application 3.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtai…
CVE-2014-7073 medium 5.4 12y ago The Andrew Magdy Kamal's Network (aka com.wAndSocialREWApps) application 0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers…
CVE-2014-7072 medium 5.4 12y ago The Venezia map (aka com.wVeneziamap) application 0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive i…
CVE-2014-7071 medium 5.4 12y ago The Autocar India (aka com.magzter.autocarindia) application 3.03 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain…
CVE-2014-7069 medium 5.4 12y ago The Aventino Brand (aka com.AventinoBrand) application 2.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensit…
CVE-2014-7068 medium 5.4 12y ago The Neumann Student Activities (aka com.appmakr.app153856) application 216607 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof server…
CVE-2014-7067 medium 5.4 12y ago The BTD5 Videos (aka com.wxTYILIEIRBTD5Videos) application 0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain se…
CVE-2014-7066 medium 5.4 12y ago The LegalEra (aka com.magzter.legalera) application 3.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive…
CVE-2014-7065 medium 5.4 12y ago The Nigerias Business Directory (aka com.wNigeriasBusinessDirectory) application 0.70.13414.17619 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attac…
CVE-2014-7064 medium 5.4 12y ago The ben10 omniverse walkthrough (aka com.wben10omniverse2walkthrough) application 0.7 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoo…
CVE-2014-7063 medium 5.4 12y ago The Bikers Romagna (aka com.bikers.romagna) application 1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensi…
CVE-2014-7062 medium 5.4 12y ago The Association Min Ajlik (aka com.association.min.ajlik) application 1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers an…
CVE-2014-7061 medium 5.4 12y ago The MODSIM World 2014 (aka com.concursive.modsimworld) application 2.0.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and…
CVE-2014-7060 medium 5.4 12y ago The Your Tango (aka com.your.tango) application 1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive inf…