CVEs from 2014

7,872 normalized CVEs published or assigned in this year.

Total
7,872
critical
critical 837
high
high 1,288
medium
medium 4,980
low
low 583
% Critical
10.6%
% with KEV
0.4%
% with exploit
2.1%

Top vendors

Top products

  • chrome 3,804
  • moodle 1,668
  • flash_player 1,397
  • firefox 1,239
  • mediawiki 1,130
  • ffmpeg 998
  • acrobat 966
  • acrobat_reader 944
0
KEVHas exploit
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CVE Severity CVSS Risk Flags OS Vendor Published Description
CVE-2014-7059 medium 5.4 12y ago The TheDevildogGamer (aka com.wTheDevildogGamer) application 1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain …
CVE-2014-7058 medium 5.4 12y ago The Efendimizin Sunnetleri (aka com.wEfendimizinSunnetleri) application 2.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers …
CVE-2014-7057 medium 5.4 12y ago The Hong Kong Tatler Society (aka com.magzter.hongkongtatlersociety) application 3.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof…
CVE-2014-7055 medium 5.4 12y ago The NCCI's Annual Issues Symposium (aka com.quickmobile.ais14) application 1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof serve…
CVE-2014-7054 medium 5.4 12y ago The musica de barrios sonideros (aka com.nobexinc.wls_93155702.rc) application 3.3.10 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoo…
CVE-2014-7053 medium 5.4 12y ago The City Star ME (aka com.citystarme) application 1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive i…
CVE-2014-4428 medium 5.4 12y ago Bluetooth in Apple OS X before 10.10 does not require encryption for HID Low Energy devices, which allows remote attackers to spoof a device by leveraging previous pairing.
CVE-2014-7050 medium 5.4 12y ago The givenu give (aka com.givenu.give) application 1.5.3 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive…
CVE-2014-7049 medium 5.4 12y ago The SomTodo - Task/To-do widget (aka com.somcloud.somtodo) application 2.0.3 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers…
CVE-2014-7048 medium 5.4 12y ago The Bear ID Lock (aka com.wBearIDLock) application 0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive …
CVE-2014-7045 medium 5.4 12y ago The Bust Out Bail (aka com.onesolutionapps.bustoutbailandroid) application 1.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof serve…
CVE-2014-7044 medium 5.4 12y ago The Street Walker (aka kt.road.StreetWalker) application 0.0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain se…
CVE-2014-7043 medium 5.4 12y ago The Cadpage (aka net.anei.cadpage) application 1.7.44 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive i…
CVE-2014-7042 medium 5.4 12y ago The My nTelos (aka com.telespree.ntelospostpay) application 1.1.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain…
CVE-2014-7041 medium 5.4 12y ago The SimGene (aka com.japanbioinformatics.simgene) application 1.3 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain…
CVE-2014-7040 medium 5.4 12y ago The UniCredit Investors (aka eu.unicreditgroup.brand.ucinvestors) application 1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof se…
CVE-2014-7039 medium 5.4 12y ago The Wild Women United (aka com.wildwomenunited) application 1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain s…
CVE-2014-7038 medium 5.4 12y ago The Al Jazeera (aka com.Al.Jazeera.net) application 6.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive…
CVE-2014-7037 medium 5.4 12y ago The Noble Sticker "FREE" (aka com.kuronecostudio.kizokustamp.free) application 1.0.7 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof…
CVE-2014-7036 medium 5.4 12y ago The Quest Federal CU Mobile (aka com.metova.cuae.questfcu) application 1.0.27 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof server…
CVE-2014-7035 medium 5.4 12y ago The Harmonizers Planet (aka uk.co.pixelkicks.fifthharmony) application 2.3.4 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers…
CVE-2014-7034 medium 5.4 12y ago The Senator Inn & Spa (aka com.conduit.app_cc06e8e9659c4cf7b361ad0b7717f3a4.app) application 1.2.2.160 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle …
CVE-2014-7033 medium 5.4 12y ago The Cure Viewer (aka com.livedoor.android.cureviewer) application 1.03 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and o…
CVE-2014-7032 medium 5.4 12y ago The MYHABIT (aka com.amazon.myhabit) application @7F080041 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensit…
CVE-2014-7031 medium 5.4 12y ago The RedAtoms Three (aka com.redatoms.mojodroid.tw.gp) application 2.5 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and ob…
CVE-2014-7030 medium 5.4 12y ago The Dieta Dukan passo a passo (aka com.rareartifact.dukanpasoapaso82BE0897) application 1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers t…
CVE-2014-7029 medium 5.4 12y ago The Bultmonster Registret (aka com.bultmonster.registret) application 1.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers an…
CVE-2014-7028 medium 5.4 12y ago The Ibis pau centre (aka com.myapphone.android.myappibispaucentre) application 1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof s…
CVE-2014-7027 medium 5.4 12y ago The Esercizi per le donne (aka com.rareartifact.eserciziperledonne6D5578C6) application 1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers t…
CVE-2014-7026 medium 5.4 12y ago The LIFE TIME FITNESS (aka com.lifetimefitness.ltfmobile) application 1.9 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers an…
CVE-2014-7025 medium 5.4 12y ago The Who-is-it? Lite name caller time limited free (aka de.profiler.android.whoisit) application 1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle att…
CVE-2014-7024 medium 5.4 12y ago The Hardest Game Collection (aka com.lotfun.abuse) application 1.5.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obt…
CVE-2014-7023 medium 5.4 12y ago The Find Color (aka com.chudong.color) application 1.1.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitiv…
CVE-2014-7022 medium 5.4 12y ago The Modelisme.com forum/portail (aka com.tapatalk.modelismecomforum) application 3.6.9 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spo…
CVE-2014-7021 medium 5.4 12y ago The Leg Surgery - Kids Games (aka com.harriskerioe.legsurgery) application 1.0.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof ser…
CVE-2014-7020 medium 5.4 12y ago The Diabetes Forum (aka com.tapatalk.diabetescoukdiabetesforum) application 3.9.30 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof s…
CVE-2014-7019 medium 5.4 12y ago The Clarks Inn (aka com.ClarksInn) application 3.3.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive in…
CVE-2014-7018 medium 5.4 12y ago The LOVE DANCE (aka com.efunfun.ddianle.lovedance) application 1.2.0626 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and …
CVE-2014-7017 medium 5.4 12y ago The Tim Ban Bon Phuong (aka com.entertaiment.timbanbonphuong) application 2.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof server…
CVE-2014-7016 medium 5.4 12y ago The Mahasna Batik (aka com.batik.mahasna) application 1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensiti…
CVE-2014-7015 medium 5.4 12y ago The JJ Texas Hold'em Poker (aka cn.jj.poker) application 1.13.23.HD for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obta…
CVE-2014-7013 medium 5.4 12y ago The Funny Photo Color Editor (aka com.doirdeditor.funcloreditor) application 0.0.4 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof s…
CVE-2014-7012 medium 5.4 12y ago The Coffee Inn (aka lt.lemonlabs.android.coffeeinn) application 2.0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and ob…
CVE-2014-7011 medium 5.4 12y ago The NWTC Mobile (aka com.dub.app.nwtc) application 1.4.17 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensiti…
CVE-2014-7010 medium 5.4 12y ago The UTSA Mobile (aka com.dub.app.utsa) application 1.4.21 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensiti…
CVE-2014-7009 medium 5.4 12y ago The HKBN My Account (aka com.hkbn.myaccount) application @7F070015 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtai…
CVE-2014-7008 medium 5.4 12y ago The Forum FrAndroid beta (aka com.tapatalk.forumfrandroidcom) application 3.4.3 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof serv…
CVE-2014-7007 medium 5.4 12y ago The Master Mix (aka com.nobexinc.wls_24832536.rc) application 3.3.5 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obta…
CVE-2014-7006 medium 5.4 12y ago The HydFM (aka com.apheliontechnologies.hydfm) application 1.1.9 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain …
CVE-2014-7005 medium 5.4 12y ago The Foconet (aka suporte.com.foconet) application 1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive i…
CVE-2014-7004 medium 5.4 12y ago The PETA (aka com.peta.android) application 1.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive informa…
CVE-2014-7003 medium 5.4 12y ago The Goodwin (aka com.goodwin.Goodwin) application 1.15 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive …
CVE-2014-7002 medium 5.4 12y ago The Sopexa Pavillon France (aka com.goomeoevents.pavillonfrance) application 3.6.5 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof s…
CVE-2014-7001 medium 5.4 12y ago The Jian Ren (aka cn.sh.scustom.janren) application 1.5.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensiti…
CVE-2014-7000 medium 5.4 12y ago The Paul Alexander Campaign (aka hr.apps.n51261427) application 4.5.8 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and ob…
CVE-2014-6999 medium 5.4 12y ago The Questoes OAB (aka com.pedefeijao.questoesoab) application oab_android_1.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof server…
CVE-2014-6998 medium 5.4 12y ago The PinkFong TV (aka kr.co.smartstudy.pinkfongtv_android_googlemarket) application 4 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof…
CVE-2014-6997 medium 5.4 12y ago The Dino Village (aka com.tappocket.dinovillage) application 1.6 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain …
CVE-2014-6996 medium 5.4 12y ago The Martial Arts Battle Card (aka com.tapenjoy.zjh.tw) application 1.0.9 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and…
CVE-2014-6995 medium 5.4 12y ago The adidas eyewear (aka com.adidasep.eyewear) application 1.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sen…
CVE-2014-6994 medium 5.4 12y ago The Atecea (aka com.atecea) application 1.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive information…
CVE-2014-6993 medium 5.4 12y ago The Codeeta Coupons (aka com.codeeta.promos) application 1.0.5 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain se…
CVE-2014-6992 medium 5.4 12y ago The Timeless Black (aka com.apptive.android.apps.timeless) application 2.10.6 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof server…
CVE-2014-6991 medium 5.4 12y ago The LiveAuctions.tv (aka air.LiveAndroidMaxx) application 2.005 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain s…
CVE-2014-6990 medium 5.4 12y ago The Albasit artes y danza (aka com.adianteventures.adianteapps.albasit_artes_y_danza) application 1.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle a…
CVE-2014-6989 medium 5.4 12y ago The Germanwings (aka com.germanwings.android) application 2.1.13 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain …
CVE-2014-6988 medium 5.4 12y ago The Quotes in Images (aka pt.lumberapps.imagensfrases) application 3.7.5 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and…
CVE-2014-6987 medium 5.4 12y ago The Mass Gaming TV (aka net.massgamers) application 1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive…
CVE-2014-6986 medium 5.4 12y ago The Pregnancy Tips (aka com.rareartifact.tipsforpregnant71C80129) application 1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof se…
CVE-2014-6985 medium 5.4 12y ago The Georgia Packing (aka com.tapatalk.georgiapackingorg) application 3.9.16 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers …
CVE-2014-6984 medium 5.4 12y ago The Shots (aka com.shots.android) application 1.0.8 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive inf…
CVE-2014-6983 medium 5.4 12y ago The NBE (aka com.nbe.app) application 1.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive information v…
CVE-2014-6982 medium 5.4 12y ago The Arabic Troll Football (aka com.hamoosh.ArabicTrollFootball) application 1.0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof se…
CVE-2014-6981 medium 5.4 12y ago The Taiwan Business Bank (aka com.mitake.TBB) application 2.04 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain se…
CVE-2014-6980 medium 5.4 12y ago The LINE PLAY (aka jp.naver.lineplay.android) application 2.3.1.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain…
CVE-2014-6979 medium 5.4 12y ago The MiWay Insurance Ltd (aka com.MiWay.MD) application 1.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensit…
CVE-2014-6978 medium 5.4 12y ago The Karim Rahal Essoulami (aka com.karim.rahal.essoulami.lcxogeyuizteegxvnq) application 1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers …
CVE-2014-6977 medium 5.4 12y ago The eLearn (aka com.desire2learn.campuslife.chattanoogastate.edu.directory) application 1.0.649.1194 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle at…
CVE-2014-6976 medium 5.4 12y ago The Aeroexpress (aka ru.lynx.aero) application 2.6.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive in…
CVE-2014-6975 medium 5.4 12y ago The Twin Lin (aka com.twinlin.twmo) application 5 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive infor…
CVE-2014-6974 medium 5.4 12y ago The MifaShow Hairstyles (aka com.mifashow) application 3.7 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensit…
CVE-2014-6973 medium 5.4 12y ago The Care4Kids (aka com.codetherapy.care4kids) application 1.03 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain se…
CVE-2014-6972 medium 5.4 12y ago The Kazakhstan Radio (aka com.wordbox.kazakhstanRadio) application 2.5 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and o…
CVE-2014-6971 medium 5.4 12y ago The Easy Video Downloader (aka com.simon.padillar.EasyVideo) application 4.4.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof serve…
CVE-2014-6970 medium 5.4 12y ago The North American Ismaili Games (aka hr.apps.n166983741) application 5.26.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers…
CVE-2014-6969 medium 5.4 12y ago The Deltin Suites (aka com.DeltinSuites) application 3.4.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensit…
CVE-2014-6968 medium 5.4 12y ago The Grandma's Grotto (aka com.mobileappsuite.grandmasgrotto) application 1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers a…
CVE-2014-6967 medium 5.4 12y ago The Albion College (aka com.vivomobile.albioncollege) application 2.1.16 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and…
CVE-2014-6966 medium 5.4 12y ago The West Bend School District (aka net.parentlink.westbend) application 4.0.500 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof serv…
CVE-2014-6965 medium 5.4 12y ago The FAZ.NET (aka net.faz.FAZ) application 1.0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive informa…
CVE-2014-6964 medium 5.4 12y ago The Hanyang University Admissions (aka kr.ac.hanyang.planner) application 2.1.3 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof serv…
CVE-2014-6963 medium 5.4 12y ago The feiron (aka es.sw.feironmobile.app) application 1.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive…
CVE-2014-6962 medium 5.4 12y ago The Elk Grove PublicStuff (aka com.wassabi.elkgrove) application 3.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obt…
CVE-2014-6961 medium 5.4 12y ago The SudaniNet (aka com.sudaninet.wtwqiqbegq_btwlda) application 2.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obta…
CVE-2014-6960 medium 5.4 12y ago The Multitrac (aka com.multitrac) application 1.04 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive info…
CVE-2014-6959 medium 5.4 12y ago The QinCard (aka com.haowan.qincard) application 2.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive in…
CVE-2014-6958 medium 5.4 12y ago The ISMRM-ESMRMB 2014 (aka com.coreapps.android.followme.ismrm_esmrmb14) application 6.0.8.5 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers …
CVE-2014-6957 medium 5.4 12y ago The scottcolibmn (aka com.bredir.boopsie.scottlib) application 4.5.110 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and o…
CVE-2014-6956 medium 5.4 12y ago The Hydrogen Water (aka com.appzone628) application 1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive…
CVE-2014-6955 medium 5.4 12y ago The Le Grand Bleu (aka com.appzone468) application 1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive …