CVEs from 2014

7,872 normalized CVEs published or assigned in this year.

Total
7,872
critical
critical 837
high
high 1,288
medium
medium 4,980
low
low 583
% Critical
10.6%
% with KEV
0.4%
% with exploit
9.8%

Top vendors

Top products

  • chrome 3,804
  • moodle 1,668
  • flash_player 1,397
  • firefox 1,239
  • mediawiki 1,130
  • ffmpeg 998
  • acrobat 966
  • acrobat_reader 944
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CVE Severity CVSS Risk Flags OS Vendor Published Description
CVE-2014-6931 medium 5.4 12y ago The Treves Dance Center (aka com.myapphone.android.myapptrvesdancecenter) application 1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to …
CVE-2014-6930 medium 5.4 12y ago The Abram Radio Groove! (aka com.nobexinc.wls_79226887.rc) application 3.2.3 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers…
CVE-2014-6929 medium 5.4 12y ago The AIHce 2014 (aka com.coreapps.android.followme.aihce2014) application 6.1.0.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof ser…
CVE-2014-6928 medium 5.4 12y ago The Rastreador de Celulares (aka com.mobincube.android.sc_9KTH8) application 5.0.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof s…
CVE-2014-6927 medium 5.4 12y ago The Myanmar Housing : mmHome (aka com.mmhome3) application 1.3 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain se…
CVE-2014-6926 medium 5.4 12y ago The Allt om Brollop (aka com.paperton.wl.alltombrollop) application 1.53 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and…
CVE-2014-6925 medium 5.4 12y ago The Steyr Forum (aka com.tapatalk.steyrclubcomvb) application 3.9.12 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obt…
CVE-2014-6924 medium 5.4 12y ago The Metro News (aka com.netpia.ha.metro) application 1.6.5 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensit…
CVE-2014-6923 medium 5.4 12y ago The Dubrovnik Guided Walking Tours (aka com.mytoursapp.android.app351) application 1.3.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to s…
CVE-2014-6922 medium 5.4 12y ago The KFAI Community Radio (aka com.skyblue.pra.kfai) application 2.0.4 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and ob…
CVE-2014-6921 medium 5.4 12y ago The Buckhorn Grill (aka com.orderingapps.buckhorn) application 2.8 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtai…
CVE-2014-6920 medium 5.4 12y ago The Canal 44 (aka com.canal.canal44) application 1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive in…
CVE-2014-6919 medium 5.4 12y ago The Metalcasting Newsstand (aka air.com.yudu.ReaderAIR3017071) application 3.12.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof se…
CVE-2014-6918 medium 5.4 12y ago The Bikers Underground (aka hr.ap.n66871172) application 4.5.10 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain s…
CVE-2014-6917 medium 5.4 12y ago The www.knote.kr Smart (aka kr.or.knote.android) application 1.0.3 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtai…
CVE-2014-6916 medium 5.4 12y ago The mama.cn (aka cn.ziipin.mama.ui) application 1.02 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive in…
CVE-2014-6914 medium 5.4 12y ago The Houcine El Jasmi (aka com.devkhr31.houcineeljasmi) application 1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and o…
CVE-2014-6913 medium 5.4 12y ago The Dive The World (aka com.paperton.wl.divetheworld) application 1.53 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and o…
CVE-2014-6912 medium 5.4 12y ago The IRA's 59th Annual Conference (aka com.coreapps.android.followme.ira_14) application 6.0.7.6 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attacke…
CVE-2014-6911 medium 5.4 12y ago The diziturky HD 2015 (aka com.adv.diziturky) application 2014 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain se…
CVE-2014-6910 medium 5.4 12y ago The MemorizeIt! (aka com.kshinenterprises.kshinent.memorizeit) application 1.7.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof ser…
CVE-2014-6909 medium 5.4 12y ago The Coca-Cola FM Peru (aka com.enyetech.radio.coca_cola.fm_pe) application 2.0.41716 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof…
CVE-2014-6908 medium 5.4 12y ago The Forum IC (aka com.tapatalk.forumimmigrercom) application 3.3.12 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obta…
CVE-2014-6907 medium 5.4 12y ago The Rakuten Install (aka co.jp.rakuten.installapp) application 1.5.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obt…
CVE-2014-6906 medium 5.4 12y ago The Loli Chocolate Cake (aka com.alison.kang.chocolatecake) application 1.0.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof server…
CVE-2014-6905 medium 5.4 12y ago The H2O Human Harmony Organization (aka com.netpia.ha.theh2o) application 1.6.5 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof serv…
CVE-2014-6903 medium 5.4 12y ago The Gulf Power Mobile Bill Pay (aka com.tionetworks.gulf) application 1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and …
CVE-2014-6902 medium 5.4 12y ago The Anjuke (aka com.anjuke.android.app) application 7.1.7 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensiti…
CVE-2014-6901 medium 5.4 12y ago The RADIOS DEL ECUADOR (aka com.nobexinc.wls_87612622.rc) application 3.2.4 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers …
CVE-2014-6900 medium 5.4 12y ago The EAGE Amsterdam 2014 (aka com.coreapps.android.followme.eage_2014) application 6.1.1.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to …
CVE-2014-6899 medium 5.4 12y ago The Jazeera Airways (aka com.winit.jazeeraairways) application 2.7 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtai…
CVE-2014-6898 medium 5.4 12y ago The Boopsie MyLibrary (aka com.bredir.boopsie.mylibrary) application 4.5.110 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers…
CVE-2014-6897 medium 5.4 12y ago The Skyrim Map (aka com.neko.skyrimmap) application 2.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive…
CVE-2014-6896 medium 5.4 12y ago The Yik Yak (aka com.yik.yak) application 2.0.002 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive infor…
CVE-2014-6895 medium 5.4 12y ago The Throne Rush (aka com.progrestar.bft) application 2.3.10 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensi…
CVE-2014-6894 medium 5.4 12y ago The Lucktastic (aka com.lucktastic.scratch) application 1.2.6 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sen…
CVE-2014-6893 medium 5.4 12y ago The Pushpins Grocery Coupons (aka com.pushpinsapp.pushpins) application 1.56 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers…
CVE-2014-6892 medium 5.4 12y ago The kalahari.com Shopping (aka com.kalahari.shop) application 1.4.2.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and ob…
CVE-2014-6890 medium 5.4 12y ago The CouponCabin - Coupons & Deals (aka com.couponcabin) application 3.6 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and …
CVE-2014-6889 medium 5.4 12y ago The GunBroker.com (aka com.gunbroker.android) application 1.1.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain s…
CVE-2014-6888 medium 5.4 12y ago The PennyTalk Mobile (aka net.idt.pennytalk.android) application 2.0.3.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and…
CVE-2014-6886 medium 5.4 12y ago The WePhone - phone calls vs skype (aka com.wephoneapp) application 1.03.00 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers …
CVE-2014-6885 medium 5.4 12y ago The Academy Sports + Outdoors Visa (aka com.usbank.icsmobile.academysports) application 1.18 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers …
CVE-2014-6884 medium 5.4 12y ago The Ford Credit Account Manager (aka com.fordcredit.accountmanager) application 1.0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoo…
CVE-2014-6883 medium 5.4 12y ago The CNNMoney Portfolio for stocks (aka com.cnn.portfolio) application 1.0.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers …
CVE-2014-6882 medium 5.4 12y ago The Western Federal Credit Union (aka com.kerrata.pulse.western) application 2.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof ser…
CVE-2014-6881 medium 5.4 12y ago The PNC Virtual Wallet (aka com.pnc.ecommerce.mobile.vw.android) application before 2.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to sp…
CVE-2014-6880 medium 5.4 12y ago The TradeHero (aka com.tradehero.th) application 2.2.5 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive …
CVE-2014-6879 medium 5.4 12y ago The Equifax Mobile (aka com.equifax) application 1.5 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive in…
CVE-2014-6878 medium 5.4 12y ago The RBFCU Mobile (aka com.Vertifi.DeposZip.P314089681) application 3.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and o…
CVE-2014-6877 medium 5.4 12y ago The Santander Personal Banking (aka com.sovereign.santander) application 2.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers…
CVE-2014-6876 medium 5.4 12y ago The American Express Serve (aka com.serve.mobile) application @7F0901E4 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and …
CVE-2014-6875 medium 5.4 12y ago The Woodforest Mobile Banking (aka com.woodforest) application 3.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtai…
CVE-2014-6874 medium 5.4 12y ago The ModSim Connected (aka com.concursive.modsim) application 2.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain …
CVE-2014-6873 medium 5.4 12y ago The AMGC (aka com.amec.uae) application 6.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive information…
CVE-2014-6872 medium 5.4 12y ago The TTNET Muzik (aka com.ttnet.muzik) application 3.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive i…
CVE-2014-6871 medium 5.4 12y ago The Hogs Fly Crazy (aka com.pedrojayme.hogsflycrazy) application 1.0.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and o…
CVE-2014-6870 medium 5.4 12y ago The BGEnergy (aka com.bluegrass.smartapps) application 1.153.0034 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain…
CVE-2014-6869 medium 5.4 12y ago The barcode scanner (aka tw.com.books.android.plus) application 2.3.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and ob…
CVE-2014-6868 medium 5.4 12y ago The DS audio (aka com.synology.DSaudio) application 3.4 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive…
CVE-2014-6867 medium 5.4 12y ago The Sortir en Alsace (aka com.axessweb.sortirenalsace) application 0.5b for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and …
CVE-2014-6866 medium 5.4 12y ago The HomeAdvisor Mobile (aka com.servicemagic.consumer) application 3.0.3 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and…
CVE-2014-6865 medium 5.4 12y ago The Jamal Bates Show (aka com.conduit.app_3a95e13827c54c4da9056fafb33ecc8d.app) application 1.3.14.254 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle …
CVE-2014-6864 medium 5.4 12y ago The Forest River Forums (aka com.socialknowledge.forestriverforums) application 3.7.5 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoo…
CVE-2014-6863 medium 5.4 12y ago The Mootorratturid & biker.ee (aka ee.digitalfruit.mootorratturid) application 1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof s…
CVE-2014-6862 medium 5.4 12y ago The ArtAcces (aka cat.gencat.mobi.artacces) application 1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensi…
CVE-2014-6861 medium 5.4 12y ago The Terrarienbilder.com Forum (aka com.tapatalk.terrarienbildercomvb) application 3.8.20 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to s…
CVE-2014-6860 medium 5.4 12y ago The Trial Tracker (aka com.etcweb.android.trial_tracker) application 1.1.9 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers a…
CVE-2014-6859 medium 5.4 12y ago The Daum Maps - Subway (aka net.daum.android.map) application 3.9.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obta…
CVE-2014-6858 medium 5.4 12y ago The Mostafa Shemeas (aka com.mostafa.shemeas.website) application 1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and ob…
CVE-2014-6857 medium 5.4 12y ago The Car Wallpapers HD (aka com.arab4x4.gallery.app) application 1.3 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obta…
CVE-2014-6856 medium 5.4 12y ago The AHRAH (aka com.vet2pet.aid219426) application 219426 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitiv…
CVE-2014-6855 medium 5.4 12y ago The Long (aka com.imop.longjiang.android) application 1.0.4 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensi…
CVE-2014-6854 medium 5.4 12y ago The EyeXam (aka com.globaleyeventures.eyexam) application 1.4 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sen…
CVE-2014-6853 medium 5.4 12y ago The Foxit MobilePDF - PDF Reader (aka com.foxit.mobile.pdf.lite) application 2.2.0.0616 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to sp…
CVE-2014-6852 medium 5.4 12y ago The LedLine.gr Official (aka com.automon.ledline.gr) application 1.4.0.9 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and…
CVE-2014-6851 medium 5.4 12y ago The New Beginnings CFC (aka com.goodbarber.nbcfc) application 1.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain…
CVE-2014-6850 medium 5.4 12y ago The SED Account (aka com.starkville.smartapps) application 1.153.0034 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and ob…
CVE-2014-6848 medium 5.4 12y ago The DS file (aka com.synology.DSfile) application 4.1.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive…
CVE-2014-6847 medium 5.4 12y ago The Horoscopes and Dreams (aka com.horoscopesanddreams) application 1.0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers an…
CVE-2014-6846 medium 5.4 12y ago The Four Seasons Beverly Hills (aka com.intelitycorp.FourSeasons.android.ice) application @7F050007 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle att…
CVE-2014-6845 medium 5.4 12y ago The MediaFire (aka com.mediafire.android) application 1.1.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensi…
CVE-2014-6844 medium 5.4 12y ago The ABC Song (aka com.tabtale.abcsingalong) application 1.0.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sen…
CVE-2014-6843 medium 5.4 12y ago The Sweatshop (aka com.orderingapps.sweatshop) application 2.96 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain s…
CVE-2014-6842 medium 5.4 12y ago The Daily Advertiser Print (aka com.lafayettedailyadv.android.prod) application 6.7 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof …
CVE-2014-6841 medium 5.4 12y ago The RTI INDIA (aka com.vbulletin.build_890) application 3.8.21 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain se…
CVE-2014-6840 medium 5.4 12y ago The My Wedding Planner (aka app.wedding) application 1.5 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitiv…
CVE-2014-6839 medium 5.4 12y ago The Alma Corinthiana (aka com.alma.corinthiana) application 1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain s…
CVE-2014-6838 medium 5.4 12y ago The Groupama toujours la (aka com.groupama.toujoursla) application 1.3.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and…
CVE-2014-6837 medium 5.4 12y ago The Hillside (aka com.hillside.hermanus) application 1.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitiv…
CVE-2014-6836 medium 5.4 12y ago The DS photo+ (aka com.synology.dsphoto) application 3.3 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitiv…
CVE-2014-6835 medium 5.4 12y ago The Herbal Guide (aka com.pocket.herbal.guide) application 1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain se…
CVE-2014-6834 medium 5.4 12y ago The Instaroid - Instagram Viewer (aka net.muik.instaroid) application 1.2.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers …
CVE-2014-6833 medium 5.4 12y ago The AuctionTrac Dealer (aka com.adesa.dealer.phone) application 2.0.3 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and ob…
CVE-2014-6832 medium 5.4 12y ago The Bersa Forum (aka com.gcspublishing.bersaforum) application 3.9.16 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and ob…
CVE-2014-6831 medium 5.4 12y ago The Hippo Studio (aka com.appgreen.hippostudio) application 1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain s…
CVE-2014-6830 medium 5.4 12y ago The Covet Fashion - Shopping Game (aka com.crowdstar.covetfashion) application 2.14.40 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spo…
CVE-2014-6829 medium 5.4 12y ago The Hook (aka com.hook.android) application 0.9.3 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive infor…
CVE-2014-6828 medium 5.4 12y ago The Gulf Credit Union (aka Fi_Mobile.Gulf) application 1.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensit…
CVE-2014-6827 medium 5.4 12y ago The DK ONLINE Beta (aka com.sgmobile.dkonline) application 1.0.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain …