CVEs from 2014

7,872 normalized CVEs published or assigned in this year.

Total
7,872
critical
critical 837
high
high 1,288
medium
medium 4,980
low
low 583
% Critical
10.6%
% with KEV
0.4%
% with exploit
9.8%

Top vendors

Top products

  • chrome 3,804
  • moodle 1,668
  • flash_player 1,397
  • firefox 1,239
  • mediawiki 1,130
  • ffmpeg 998
  • acrobat 966
  • acrobat_reader 944
0
KEVHas exploit
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CVE Severity CVSS Risk Flags OS Vendor Published Description
CVE-2014-6012 medium 5.4 12y ago The Gravity Bounce (aka net.toddm.gb) application 1.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive i…
CVE-2014-6011 medium 5.4 12y ago The cutprice (aka kr.co.wedoit.cutprice) application 1.0.4 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensit…
CVE-2014-6010 medium 5.4 12y ago The Rasta Weed Widgets HD (aka aw.awesomewidgets.rastaweed) application 4 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers an…
CVE-2014-6009 medium 5.4 12y ago The Zombie Detector (aka com.jimmybolstad.zombiedetector) application 1.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers an…
CVE-2014-6008 medium 5.4 12y ago The Blitz Bingo (aka com.appMobi.sbbingo.app) application 2.3 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sen…
CVE-2014-6007 medium 5.4 12y ago The LikeHero Get Instagram Likes (aka com.fraoula.likehero) application 1.0.7 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof server…
CVE-2014-6006 medium 5.4 12y ago The Gratta & Vinci? (aka com.dreamstep.wGrattaevinci) application 0.21.13167.93474 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof s…
CVE-2014-6005 medium 5.4 12y ago The Survey.com Mobile (aka com.survey.android) application 3.2.16 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain…
CVE-2014-6004 medium 5.4 12y ago The Pocket Cam Photo Editor (aka mobi.pocketcam.editor) application 3 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and ob…
CVE-2014-6003 medium 5.4 12y ago The Belas Frases de Amor (aka com.goodbarber.frasesdeamor) application 1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and…
CVE-2014-6002 medium 5.4 12y ago The DTE Energy (aka com.dteenergy.mydte) application 3.0.3 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensit…
CVE-2014-6001 medium 5.4 12y ago The gewara (aka com.gewara) application 5.2.3 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive informati…
CVE-2014-6000 medium 5.4 12y ago The FreshDirect (aka com.freshdirect.android) application 2.7.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain s…
CVE-2014-5999 medium 5.4 12y ago The autonavi (aka com.telenav.doudouyou.android.autonavi) application 4.6.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers …
CVE-2014-5998 medium 5.4 12y ago The SkyDrive Assistant (aka com.dhh.sky) application 2.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitiv…
CVE-2014-5997 medium 5.4 12y ago The Auto Trader (aka za.co.autotrader.android.app) application 2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain …
CVE-2014-5996 medium 5.4 12y ago The DEKRA Used Car Report (aka com.dekra.maengelreport) application 3.0.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers an…
CVE-2014-5995 medium 5.4 12y ago The eWUS mobile (aka pl.dreryk.ewustest) application 1.4.5 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensit…
CVE-2014-5994 medium 5.4 12y ago The ding* ezetop. Top-up Any Phone (aka com.ezetop.world) application 1.3.4 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers …
CVE-2014-5993 medium 5.4 12y ago The MLB Preplay (aka com.preplay.android.mlb) application 5.4.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain s…
CVE-2014-5992 medium 5.4 12y ago The successsecrets (aka com.alek.successsecrets) application 1.2.3 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtai…
CVE-2014-5991 medium 5.4 12y ago The Skin Conditions and Diseases (aka com.appsgeyser.wSkinConditions) application 2.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoo…
CVE-2014-5984 medium 5.4 12y ago The Little Dragons (aka com.playcomo.dragongame) application 1.0.256 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obt…
CVE-2014-5983 medium 5.4 12y ago The Threadflip : Buy, Sell Fashion (aka com.threadflip.android) application 1.1.11 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof s…
CVE-2014-5982 medium 5.4 12y ago The RunKeeper - GPS Track Run Walk (aka com.fitnesskeeper.runkeeper.pro) application 4.7 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to s…
CVE-2014-5971 medium 5.4 12y ago The Fiksu library for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive information via a crafted certificate.
CVE-2014-5809 medium 5.4 12y ago The Smart Browser (aka smartbrowser.geniuscloud) application 2.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain …
CVE-2014-5665 medium 5.4 12y ago The Mzone Login (aka com.mr384.MzoneLogin) application 1.2.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sens…
CVE-2014-5990 medium 5.4 12y ago The cookbible (aka net.bookjam.cookbible) application 1.0.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensi…
CVE-2014-5989 medium 5.4 12y ago The baby days (aka jp.co.cyberagent.babydays) application 1.5.8 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain s…
CVE-2014-5988 medium 5.4 12y ago The Azkend Gold (aka com.the10tons.azkend.gold) application 1.2.6 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain…
CVE-2014-5987 medium 5.4 12y ago The My3 - by 3HK (aka com.my3) application @7F0A0001 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive in…
CVE-2014-5986 medium 5.4 12y ago The Educational Puzzles - Letters (aka com.EducationalPuzzlesLetters) application 2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof …
CVE-2014-5985 medium 5.4 12y ago The Animal Kaiser Zangetsu (aka com.wAnimalKaiserZangetsu) application 0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers a…
CVE-2014-5981 medium 5.4 12y ago The MoWeather (aka com.moji.moweather) application 1.40.05 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensit…
CVE-2014-5980 medium 5.4 12y ago The Genertel (aka com.genertel) application 2.6.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive infor…
CVE-2014-5979 medium 5.4 12y ago The TV Bengali Open Directory (aka com.TVBengali) application 1.4 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain…
CVE-2014-5978 medium 5.4 12y ago The memetan (aka memetan.android.com.activity) application 1.1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain …
CVE-2014-5977 medium 5.4 12y ago The Mobile Face (aka com.wFacemobile) application 0.74.13432.91159 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtai…
CVE-2014-5976 medium 5.4 12y ago The alibaba (aka com.alibaba.wireless) application 4.1.0.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensit…
CVE-2014-5975 medium 5.4 12y ago The eponyms (aka com.anddeveloper.eponyms) application 3.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensit…
CVE-2014-5974 medium 5.4 12y ago The PSECU Mobile+ (aka com.Vertifi.Mobile.P231381116) application 2.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and ob…
CVE-2014-5973 medium 5.4 12y ago The Aquarium Advice (aka com.socialknowledge.aquariumadvice) application 3.7.6 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof serve…
CVE-2014-5972 medium 5.4 12y ago The Loving - Couple Essential (aka com.xiaoenai.app) application 4.0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and o…
CVE-2014-5970 medium 5.4 12y ago The BabyBus (aka com.sinyee.babybus.concert.ru) application 3.91 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain …
CVE-2014-5969 medium 5.4 12y ago The healthylifestyle (aka com.alek.healthylifestyle) application 1.2.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and o…
CVE-2014-5968 medium 5.4 12y ago The iGolf - Golf GPS (aka com.igolf) application 20 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive inf…
CVE-2014-5967 medium 5.4 12y ago The Designs Nail Arts (aka com.decoracionesnailart.flickr) application 3.6.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers…
CVE-2014-5966 medium 5.4 12y ago The Dreamland Super Theme GO Gold (aka com.gau.go.launcherex.viptheme.dreamland.gold) application 1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle att…
CVE-2014-5965 medium 5.4 12y ago The GrooveMusic (aka com.mobincube.android.sc_2HKFF) application 2.0.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and o…
CVE-2014-5964 medium 5.4 12y ago The MegaBank (aka com.megabank.mobilebank) application 2.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensit…
CVE-2014-5963 medium 5.4 12y ago The Halieutics (aka com.corn.Halieutics) application 21.40.5 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sens…
CVE-2014-5962 medium 5.4 12y ago The Guess The Actor (aka com.gamelikeinc.actors) application 1.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain …
CVE-2014-5961 medium 5.4 12y ago The russiananime (aka com.rareartifact.russiananime68A5CCFE) application 1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers a…
CVE-2014-5960 medium 5.4 12y ago The BundesArztsuche (aka de.kbv.bas) application 1.0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive …
CVE-2014-5959 medium 5.4 12y ago The tx Smart (aka com.wooriwm.txsmart) application 7.05 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive…
CVE-2014-5958 medium 5.4 12y ago The ChatBox - Chat Rooms (aka com.droidchatroom.messengerapp) application 2.5 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof server…
CVE-2014-5957 medium 5.4 12y ago The Alien War Survivors (aka com.ly.a13.gp) application 1.3.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sen…
CVE-2014-5956 medium 5.4 12y ago The VPlayer Video Player (aka me.abitno.vplayer.t) application 3.2.6 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obt…
CVE-2014-5955 medium 5.4 12y ago The Atomic Fusion (aka com.bytesized.fusion) application 1.7 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sens…
CVE-2014-5954 medium 5.4 12y ago The State Bank Anywhere (aka com.sbi.SBIFreedomPlus) application 2.0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and o…
CVE-2014-5953 medium 5.4 12y ago The KASKUS (aka com.kaskus.android) application 2.13.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive …
CVE-2014-5952 medium 5.4 12y ago The E-Dziennik (aka com.librus.dziennik) application 0.5.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensit…
CVE-2014-5951 medium 5.4 12y ago The SinoPac (aka com.sionpac.app.SinoPac) application 2.4.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensi…
CVE-2014-5950 medium 5.4 12y ago The NOW (aka com.smtown.smtownnow.androidapp) application 0.9.8 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain s…
CVE-2014-5949 medium 5.4 12y ago The TICKET APP - Concerts & Sports (aka com.xcr.android.ticketapp) application 3.0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof…
CVE-2014-5948 medium 5.4 12y ago The Obama for America (aka com.barackobama.ofa) application 1.02 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain …
CVE-2014-5947 medium 5.4 12y ago The psicofxp (aka com.tapatalk.psicofxpcom) application 2.4.12.15 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain…
CVE-2014-5946 medium 5.4 12y ago The forumhawaaworldcom (aka com.tapatalk.forumhawaaworldcom) application 3.4.12 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof serv…
CVE-2014-5945 medium 5.4 12y ago The Edline Mobile (aka com.wEdlineFree) application 0.63.13369.34294 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obt…
CVE-2014-5944 medium 5.4 12y ago The Soccer Blitz (aka soccer.blitz) application 1.06 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive in…
CVE-2014-5943 medium 5.4 12y ago The LabMSF Antivirus beta (aka com.ReSync.RNGN) 1.0.2 application Beta for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and o…
CVE-2014-5942 medium 5.4 12y ago The Baby Stomach Surgery (aka com.harriskerioe.stomachsurgery) application 1.0.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof ser…
CVE-2014-5941 medium 5.4 12y ago The Armpit Spa & Girl Games (aka com.freegames.spamakeover) application 1.0.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof server…
CVE-2014-5940 medium 5.4 12y ago The PocketPC.ch (aka com.tapatalk.pocketpcch) application 3.9.51 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain …
CVE-2014-5939 medium 5.4 12y ago The travelzadcomvb (aka com.tapatalk.travelzadcomvb) application 3.3.10 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and …
CVE-2014-5938 medium 5.4 12y ago The AllDealsAsia All Deals ADA app (aka com.ada.deals) application 4.2.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and…
CVE-2014-5937 medium 5.4 12y ago The Social Networking (aka com.wSocialNetworkingSites) application 0.33.13320.99980 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof …
CVE-2014-5936 medium 5.4 12y ago The INCOgnito Private Browser (aka com.SL.InCoBrowser) application 1.4.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and…
CVE-2014-5935 medium 5.4 12y ago The Daily Free App @ Amazon (aka com.kattanweb.android.dfaa) application 1.5.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof serve…
CVE-2014-5934 medium 5.4 12y ago The Flurv Chat (aka com.flurv.android) application 4.3.3 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitiv…
CVE-2014-5933 medium 5.4 12y ago The Coke Studio 7 (aka com.cokeshare.pakistan) application 1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sens…
CVE-2014-5932 medium 5.4 12y ago The Vodafone Mobile@Work (aka com.mobileiron.vodafone.MIClient) application 6.0.0.1.12R for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to sp…
CVE-2014-5931 medium 5.4 12y ago The Stop & Shop SCAN IT! Mobile (aka com.modivmedia.scanitss) application 7.21.00 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof se…
CVE-2014-5930 medium 5.4 12y ago The Store and Share (aka sg.com.singnet.mystorage.android) application 2.0.18 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof server…
CVE-2014-5929 medium 5.4 12y ago The emartmall (aka kr.co.emart.emartmall) application 1.3.3 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensi…
CVE-2014-5928 medium 5.4 12y ago The Steganos Online Shield VPN (aka com.steganos.onlineshield) application 1.0.3 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof ser…
CVE-2014-5927 medium 5.4 12y ago The FastCustomer -- Fast Customer (aka www.fastcustomer.com) application 3 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers a…
CVE-2014-5926 medium 5.4 12y ago The DCU Mobile Banking (aka com.Vertifi.Mobile.P211391825) application 2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and…
CVE-2014-5925 medium 5.4 12y ago The 10000 Kindle Books Downloads (aka com.ww10000KindleBooksLatestnBestSellers) application 0.312 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attac…
CVE-2014-5924 medium 5.4 12y ago The Monster Makeup (aka com.bearhugmedia.android_monster) application 1.0.0.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof server…
CVE-2014-5923 medium 5.4 12y ago The Facebook Status Via (aka com.StatusViaAdvanced) application 3.5 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obta…
CVE-2014-5922 medium 5.4 12y ago The ga6748 (aka com.g.ga6748) application 1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive information…
CVE-2014-5921 medium 5.4 12y ago The Need for Speed Network (aka com.ea.nfsautolog.bv) application 1.0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and …
CVE-2014-5920 medium 5.4 12y ago The VK Amberfog (aka com.amberfog.vkfree) application 3.5.6 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensi…
CVE-2014-5919 medium 5.4 12y ago The SurDoc - 100GB+ FREE storage (aka com.jd.surdoc) application 1.3.4.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and…
CVE-2014-5918 medium 5.4 12y ago The Secret Circle - talk freely (aka com.easyxapp.secret) application 2.2.00.26 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof serv…
CVE-2014-5917 medium 5.4 12y ago The Slideshow 365 (aka com.Slideshow) application 3.6 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive i…
CVE-2014-5916 medium 5.4 12y ago The Minha Oi (aka br.com.mobicare.minhaoi) application 1.15.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sen…
CVE-2014-5915 medium 5.4 12y ago The Tigo Copa Mundial FIFA 2014 (aka com.fwc2014.millicom.and) application 3.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof serve…