CVEs from 2014

7,872 normalized CVEs published or assigned in this year.

Total
7,872
critical
critical 837
high
high 1,288
medium
medium 4,980
low
low 583
% Critical
10.6%
% with KEV
0.4%
% with exploit
9.8%

Top vendors

Top products

  • chrome 3,804
  • moodle 1,668
  • flash_player 1,397
  • firefox 1,239
  • mediawiki 1,130
  • ffmpeg 998
  • acrobat 966
  • acrobat_reader 944
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CVE Severity CVSS Risk Flags OS Vendor Published Description
CVE-2014-5914 medium 5.4 12y ago The Finansbank Cep Subesi (aka com.finansbank.mobile.cepsube) application 1.1.5 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof serv…
CVE-2014-5913 medium 5.4 12y ago The Allies in War (aka com.gamelion.aiw) application 1.3.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensit…
CVE-2014-5912 medium 5.4 12y ago The InNote (aka com.intsig.notes) application 1.0.3.20131119 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sens…
CVE-2014-5911 medium 5.4 12y ago The Free App Icons & Icon Packs (aka com.jellytap.cooliconfinder) application 1.4 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof se…
CVE-2014-5910 medium 5.4 12y ago The Dog Whistle (aka com.dogwhistle.dogtrainingandroidapp) application 1.9 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers a…
CVE-2014-5909 medium 5.4 12y ago The watcha (aka com.frograms.watcha) application 2.0.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive …
CVE-2014-5908 medium 5.4 12y ago The Kmart (aka com.kmart.android) application @7F0C00EF for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive…
CVE-2014-5907 medium 5.4 12y ago The Pet Salon (aka com.libiitech.petsalon) application 1.0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sens…
CVE-2014-5906 medium 5.4 12y ago The Lil Wayne Slots: FREE SLOTS (aka com.lilwayneslots.slots.android) application 1.138 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to sp…
CVE-2014-5905 medium 5.4 12y ago The Grocery List - Tomatoes (aka com.meucarrinho) application 5.1.4 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obta…
CVE-2014-5904 medium 5.4 12y ago The MiniInTheBox Online Shopping (aka com.miniinthebox.android) application 2.0.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof se…
CVE-2014-5903 medium 5.4 12y ago The Mobile@Work (aka com.mobileiron) application 6.0.0.1.12R for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sens…
CVE-2014-5902 medium 5.4 12y ago The UA Cinemas - Mobile ticketing (aka com.mtel.uacinemaapps) application 2.9 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof server…
CVE-2014-5901 medium 5.4 12y ago The Beauty Bible - App for Girls (aka com.my.beauty.bible) application 5 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and…
CVE-2014-5900 medium 5.4 12y ago The myHomework Student Planner (aka com.myhomeowork) application 3.0.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and o…
CVE-2014-5899 medium 5.4 12y ago The Nespresso (aka com.nespresso.activities) application 2.4.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain se…
CVE-2014-5898 medium 5.4 12y ago The Heavy Duty Truck Driver Simulator 3D (aka com.oas.heavy.duty.truck.driver.simulator3d) application 1.0.5 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-m…
CVE-2014-5897 medium 5.4 12y ago The Parallel Mafia MMORPG (aka com.perblue.pm.client) application @7F070000 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers …
CVE-2014-5896 medium 5.4 12y ago The GlobalTalk- free phone calls (aka com.seawolftech.globaltalk) application 2.1.4 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof …
CVE-2014-5895 medium 5.4 12y ago The ShopYourWay (aka com.sears.shopyourway) application 1.9 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensi…
CVE-2014-5894 medium 5.4 12y ago The AireTalk: Text, Call, & More! (aka com.pingshow.amper) application 2.0.73 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof server…
CVE-2014-5893 medium 5.4 12y ago The froyo (aka com.shinsegae.mobile.froyo) application 5.1.3 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sens…
CVE-2014-5892 medium 5.4 12y ago The greenbill (aka com.show.greenbill_G) application 2.0.3 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensit…
CVE-2014-5891 medium 5.4 12y ago The SnipSnap Coupon App (aka com.snipsnap.snipsnapapp) application 1.1.11 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers an…
CVE-2014-5890 medium 5.4 12y ago The KBO sports2i 2014 (aka com.sports2i) application 5.1.00 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensi…
CVE-2014-5889 medium 5.4 12y ago The Android Forums (aka com.tapatalk.androidforumscom) application 2.4.4.9 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers a…
CVE-2014-5888 medium 5.4 12y ago The SLOTS: Bible Slots Free (aka com.topfreegames.topbibleslots) application 1.122 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof s…
CVE-2014-5887 medium 5.4 12y ago The Yell Local Search (aka com.yell.launcher2) application 4.2.1.4 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtai…
CVE-2014-5886 medium 5.4 12y ago The iVysilani ceske televize (aka cz.motion.ivysilani) application 1.6 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and o…
CVE-2014-5885 medium 5.4 12y ago The Disaster Alert (aka disasterAlert.PDC) application 3.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensit…
CVE-2014-5884 medium 5.4 12y ago The 1&1 Online Storage (aka de.einsundeins.smartdrive) application 5.0.11 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers an…
CVE-2014-5883 medium 5.4 12y ago The 7-ELEVEN (aka ecowork.seven) application 2.08.000 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive i…
CVE-2014-5882 medium 5.4 12y ago The Homoo Ijiri (aka jp.co.applica) application 3.7 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive inf…
CVE-2014-5881 medium 5.4 12y ago The Yahoo! Japan Box (aka jp.co.yahoo.android.ybox) application 1.5.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and ob…
CVE-2014-5879 medium 5.4 12y ago The tvguide (aka kenneth.tvguide) application 1.9.14 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive in…
CVE-2014-5878 medium 5.4 12y ago The ium (aka net.ium.mobile.android) application 3.3.4 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive …
CVE-2014-5877 medium 5.4 12y ago The TV Guide (aka net.micene.minigroup.palimpsests.lite) application 5.4.3 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers a…
CVE-2014-5876 medium 5.4 12y ago The WD My Cloud (aka com.wdc.wd2go) application 4.0.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive i…
CVE-2014-5875 medium 5.4 12y ago The Sylphone (aka com.sylpheo.prospectosyl) application 5.3.8 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sen…
CVE-2014-5874 medium 5.4 12y ago The SplashID (aka com.splashidandroid) application 7.2.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitiv…
CVE-2014-5873 medium 5.4 12y ago The Sears (aka com.sears.android) application 6.2.8 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive inf…
CVE-2014-5872 medium 5.4 12y ago The SafeNetMobile Pass (aka securecomputing.devices.android.controller) application 8.3.7.11 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers …
CVE-2014-5871 medium 5.4 12y ago The Piwik Mobile 2 (aka org.piwik.mobile2) application 2.0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sens…
CVE-2014-5870 medium 5.4 12y ago The Kmart (aka com.kmart.android) application 6.2.8 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive inf…
CVE-2014-5869 medium 5.4 12y ago The CNNMoney Portfolio (aka com.cnn.cnnmoney) application 1.03 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain se…
CVE-2014-5868 medium 5.4 12y ago The Cisco Technical Support (aka com.cisco.swtg_android) application 3.7.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers a…
CVE-2014-5867 medium 5.4 12y ago The Capital One Spark Pay (aka com.capitalone.sparkpay) application 0.9.81 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers a…
CVE-2014-5866 medium 5.4 12y ago The CA DMV (aka gov.ca.dmv) application 2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive information v…
CVE-2014-5865 medium 5.4 12y ago The Ask.com (aka com.ask.android) application 2.2.5 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive inf…
CVE-2014-5864 medium 5.4 12y ago The Swish payments (aka se.bankgirot.swish) application 2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensiti…
CVE-2014-5863 medium 5.4 12y ago The mpang.gp (aka air.com.cjenm.mpang.gp) application 4.0.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensi…
CVE-2014-0351 medium 5.4 12y ago The FortiManager protocol service in Fortinet FortiOS before 4.3.16 and 5.x before 5.0.8 on FortiGate devices does not prevent use of anonymous ciphersuites, which makes it easier for man-in-the-midd…
CVE-2014-5862 medium 5.4 12y ago The ecalendar2 (aka cn.etouch.ecalendar2) application 4.5.3 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensi…
CVE-2014-5861 medium 5.4 12y ago The BoyAhoy - Gay Chat (aka com.boyahoy.android) application 4.3.6 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtai…
CVE-2014-5860 medium 5.4 12y ago The Slide Show Creator (aka com.amem) application 4.4.3 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive…
CVE-2014-5859 medium 5.4 12y ago The Star Girl: Colors of Spring (aka com.animoca.google.starGirlSpring) application 3.4.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to …
CVE-2014-5858 medium 5.4 12y ago The Candy Blast (aka com.appgame7.candyblast) application 1.1.001 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain…
CVE-2014-5857 medium 5.4 12y ago The White & Yellow Pages (aka com.avantar.wny) application 5.1.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain …
CVE-2014-6025 medium 5.4 12y ago The Chartboost library before 2.0.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive information via a c…
CVE-2014-5856 medium 5.4 12y ago The Selfie Camera -Facial Beauty- (aka com.cfinc.cunpic) application 1.2.7 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers a…
CVE-2014-5855 medium 5.4 12y ago The CJmall (aka com.cjoshppingphone) application 4.1.8 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive …
CVE-2014-5854 medium 5.4 12y ago The Windows Live Hotmail PUSH mail (aka com.clearhub.wl) application 1.00.97 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers…
CVE-2014-5853 medium 5.4 12y ago The Knights N Squires (aka com.com2us.imhero.normal.freefull.google.global.android.common) application 1.1.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-m…
CVE-2014-5852 medium 5.4 12y ago The Kakao (aka com.com2us.tinypang.kakao.freefull2.google.global.android.common) application 2.11.1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle a…
CVE-2014-5851 medium 5.4 12y ago The Dark Summoner (aka com.darksummoner) application 1.03.39 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sens…
CVE-2014-5850 medium 5.4 12y ago The Kaave Fali (aka com.didilabs.kaavefali) application 1.5.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sen…
CVE-2014-5849 medium 5.4 12y ago The Maleficent Free Fall (aka com.disney.maleficent_goo) application 1.2.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers a…
CVE-2014-5848 medium 5.4 12y ago The Dubstep Hero (aka com.electricpunch.dubstephero) application 1.9 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obt…
CVE-2014-5847 medium 5.4 12y ago The Big Win Slots - Slot Machines (aka com.gosub60.BigWinSlots) application 1.11.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof s…
CVE-2014-5846 medium 5.4 12y ago The Fairy Princess Makeover Salon (aka com.mobgams.dressup.fairy.princess.makeover) application 1.7 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle att…
CVE-2014-5845 medium 5.4 12y ago The Strike Fighters Israel (aka com.thirdwire.strikefighters.mideast.android) application 1.2.4 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attacke…
CVE-2014-5844 medium 5.4 12y ago The Alsunna (aka com.wAlsunna) application 0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive informat…
CVE-2014-5843 medium 5.4 12y ago The ADP AGENCY Immobiliare (aka com.wAdpagencyAndroid) application 0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and o…
CVE-2014-5842 medium 5.4 12y ago The 2G Live Tv (aka com.ww2GLiveTv) application 0.9 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive inf…
CVE-2014-5841 medium 5.4 12y ago The Girls Calendar Period&Weight (aka jp.co.cybird.apps.lifestyle.cal) application 3.2.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to s…
CVE-2014-5840 medium 5.4 12y ago The forfone: Free Calls & Messages (aka com.forfone.sip) forfone application 1.5.11 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof …
CVE-2014-5839 medium 5.4 12y ago The Acces Compte (aka com.fullsix.android.labanquepostale.accountaccess) application 3.2.6 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to…
CVE-2014-5838 medium 5.4 12y ago The Girls Games - Shoes Maker (aka com.g6677.android.shoemaker) application 1.0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof se…
CVE-2014-5837 medium 5.4 12y ago The My Railway (aka com.gameinsight.myrailway) application 1.1.33 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain…
CVE-2014-5836 medium 5.4 12y ago The GittiGidiyor (aka com.gittigidiyormobil) application 1.4.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain se…
CVE-2014-5835 medium 5.4 12y ago The Club Personal (aka com.globant.clubpersonal) application 2.6 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain …
CVE-2014-5834 medium 5.4 12y ago The Solitaire Deluxe (aka com.gosub60.solfree2) application 2.8.5 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain…
CVE-2014-5833 medium 5.4 12y ago The FriendCaster Chat (aka com.handmark.friendcaster.chat) application 2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and…
CVE-2014-5832 medium 5.4 12y ago The hananbank (aka com.hanabank.ebk.channel.android.hananbank) application 4.06 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof serv…
CVE-2014-5831 medium 5.4 12y ago The Hotel Story: Resort Simulation (aka com.happylabs.hotelstory) application 1.7.9B for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof…
CVE-2014-5830 medium 5.4 12y ago The Farm Frenzy Gold (aka com.herocraft.game.farmfrenzy.gold) application 1.0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof serv…
CVE-2014-5829 medium 5.4 12y ago The Hobby Lobby Stores (aka com.hobbylobbystores.android) application 2.1.9 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers …
CVE-2014-5828 medium 5.4 12y ago The 3Kundenzone (aka com.hutchison3g.at.android.selfcare) application 2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and …
CVE-2014-5827 medium 5.4 12y ago The Ibotta - Better than Coupons. (aka com.ibotta.android) application 2.5.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers…
CVE-2014-5826 medium 5.4 12y ago The Rix GO Locker Theme (aka com.jiubang.goscreenlock.theme.rix.getjar) application 1.20.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to…
CVE-2014-5825 medium 5.4 12y ago The Guess The Movie (aka com.june.guessthemovie) application 2.982 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtai…
CVE-2014-5824 medium 5.4 12y ago The longjiang (aka com.longjiang.kr) application 2.0.6 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive …
CVE-2014-5823 medium 5.4 12y ago The The Cleaner - Speed up & Clean (aka com.liquidum.thecleaner) application 1.4.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof s…
CVE-2014-5822 medium 5.4 12y ago The VK Kate Mobile (aka com.perm.kate) application 9.6.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitiv…
CVE-2014-5821 medium 5.4 12y ago The Guitar Tuner Free - GuitarTuna (aka com.ovelin.guitartuna) application 2.4.5 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof ser…
CVE-2014-5820 medium 5.4 12y ago The OkCupid Dating (com.okcupid.okcupid) application 3.4.6 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensit…
CVE-2014-5819 medium 5.4 12y ago The PHONE for Google Voice & GTalk (aka com.moplus.gvphone) application 1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers …
CVE-2014-5818 medium 5.4 12y ago The Tiny Tower (aka com.mobage.ww.a560.tinytower_android) application 1.7.0.8 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof server…
CVE-2014-5817 medium 5.4 12y ago The Mini Pets (aka com.miniclip.animalshelter) application 2.0.3 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain …
CVE-2014-5816 medium 5.4 12y ago The MeiPai (aka com.meitu.meipaimv) application 1.2.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive i…