CVEs from 2014

7,871 normalized CVEs published or assigned in this year.

Total
7,871
critical
critical 837
high
high 1,288
medium
medium 4,980
low
low 583
% Critical
10.6%
% with KEV
0.4%
% with exploit
9.8%

Top vendors

Top products

  • chrome 3,804
  • moodle 1,668
  • flash_player 1,397
  • firefox 1,239
  • mediawiki 1,130
  • ffmpeg 998
  • acrobat 966
  • acrobat_reader 944
0
KEVHas exploit
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CVE Severity CVSS Risk Flags OS Vendor Published Description
CVE-2014-5711 medium 5.4 12y ago The Microsoft Tech Companion (aka com.technet) application 1.0.6 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain …
CVE-2014-5710 medium 5.4 12y ago The Cisco Class Locator Fast Lane (aka com.tabletkings.mycompany.fastlane.cisco) application for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers …
CVE-2014-5709 medium 5.4 12y ago The Donut Maker (aka com.sunstorm.android.donut) application 1.27 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain…
CVE-2014-5708 medium 5.4 12y ago The Best Racing/moto Games Ranking (aka com.subapp.android.racing) application 2.2.7 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof…
CVE-2014-5707 medium 5.4 12y ago The Bunny Run (aka com.stargirlgames.google.bunnyrun) application 1.1.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and …
CVE-2014-5706 medium 5.4 12y ago The SomNote - Journal/Memo (aka com.somcloud.somnote) application 2.1.5 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and …
CVE-2014-5705 medium 5.4 12y ago The Sonic CD Lite (aka com.soa.sega.soniccdlite) application 1.0.4 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtai…
CVE-2014-5704 medium 5.4 12y ago The DISH Anywhere (aka com.sm.SlingGuide.Dish) application 3.5.10 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain…
CVE-2014-5703 medium 5.4 12y ago The Slingo Lottery Challenge (aka com.slingo.slingolotterychallenge) application 1.0.34 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to sp…
CVE-2014-5702 medium 5.4 12y ago The Penguin Run (aka com.skyboard.google.penguinRun) application 1.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obt…
CVE-2014-5701 medium 5.4 12y ago The Skout: Chats. Friends. Fun. (aka com.skout.android) application 4.3.3 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers an…
CVE-2014-5700 medium 5.4 12y ago The Brain lab - brain age games IQ (aka com.sixdead.brainlab) application 2.37 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof serve…
CVE-2014-5699 medium 5.4 12y ago The Parallel Kingdom MMO (aka com.silvermoon.client) application @7F070019 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers a…
CVE-2014-5698 medium 5.4 12y ago The Furdiburb (aka com.sheado.lite.pet) application 1.1.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensiti…
CVE-2014-5697 medium 5.4 12y ago The Dress Up! Girl Party (aka com.sgn.DressUp.GirlParty) application 2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and o…
CVE-2014-5696 medium 5.4 12y ago The Sonic 4 Episode II LITE (aka com.sega.sonic4ep2lite) application 2.3 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and…
CVE-2014-5695 medium 5.4 12y ago The Hello Kitty Cafe (aka com.sd.google.helloKittyCafe) application 1.4.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers an…
CVE-2014-5694 medium 5.4 12y ago The Scoutmob local deals & events (aka com.scoutmob.ile) application 3.0.18 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers …
CVE-2014-5693 medium 5.4 12y ago The Slots Vacation - FREE Slots (aka com.scopely.slotsvacation) application 1.47.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof s…
CVE-2014-5692 medium 5.4 12y ago The Safeway (aka com.safeway.client.android.safeway) application 4.1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and o…
CVE-2014-6024 medium 5.4 12y ago The Flurry library before 3.4.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive information via a craft…
CVE-2014-5691 medium 5.4 12y ago The Best Phone Security (aka com.rvappstudios.phonesecurity) application for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and…
CVE-2014-5690 medium 5.4 12y ago The Runtastic Timer (aka com.runtastic.android.timer) application 1.0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and …
CVE-2014-5689 medium 5.4 12y ago The Runtastic Road Bike (aka com.runtastic.android.roadbike.lite) application 2.0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof …
CVE-2014-5688 medium 5.4 12y ago The Runtastic Pedometer (aka com.runtastic.android.pedometer.lite) application 1.5 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof s…
CVE-2014-5687 medium 5.4 12y ago The Runtastic Mountain Bike (aka com.runtastic.android.mountainbike.lite) application 2.0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers t…
CVE-2014-5686 medium 5.4 12y ago The Runtastic Me (aka com.runtastic.android.me.lite) application 1.0.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and o…
CVE-2014-5685 medium 5.4 12y ago The Runtastic Heart Rate (aka com.runtastic.android.heartrate.lite) application 1.3 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof …
CVE-2014-5684 medium 5.4 12y ago The Runtastic Running & Fitness (aka com.runtastic.android) application 5.1.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof server…
CVE-2014-5683 medium 5.4 12y ago The Piano Teacher (aka com.rubycell.pianisthd) application 20140730 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obta…
CVE-2014-5682 medium 5.4 12y ago The Retale - Weekly Ads & Deals (aka com.retale.android) application 2.1.3 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers a…
CVE-2014-5681 medium 5.4 12y ago The XDA-Developers (aka com.quoord.tapatalkxda.activity) application 3.9.8 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers a…
CVE-2014-5680 medium 5.4 12y ago The Tapatalk (aka com.quoord.tapatalkpro.activity) application 4.8.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obt…
CVE-2014-5679 medium 5.4 12y ago The PopU 2: Get Likes on Instagram (aka com.popuapp.popu) application 1.7.5 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers …
CVE-2014-5678 medium 5.4 12y ago The IQ Test (aka com.pophub.androidiqtest.free) application 3.3 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain s…
CVE-2014-5677 medium 5.4 12y ago The Point Inside Shopping & Travel (aka com.pointinside.android.app) application 3.1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spo…
CVE-2014-5676 medium 5.4 12y ago The Township (aka com.playrix.township) application 1.5.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensiti…
CVE-2014-5675 medium 5.4 12y ago The Phonegram - Instagram Download (aka com.pinssible.padgram) application 1.9.5 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof ser…
CVE-2014-5674 medium 5.4 12y ago The PicsArt - Photo Studio (aka com.picsart.studio) application 4.5.5 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and ob…
CVE-2014-5673 medium 5.4 12y ago The Easy Finder & Anti-Theft (aka com.nqmobile.easyfinder) application 2.0.10.08 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof ser…
CVE-2014-5672 medium 5.4 12y ago The NQ Mobile Security & Antivirus (aka com.nqmobile.antivirus20) application 7.2.16.00 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to sp…
CVE-2014-5671 medium 5.4 12y ago The Super Stickman Golf (aka com.noodlecake.ssg) application 2.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain …
CVE-2014-5670 medium 5.4 12y ago The SAS: Zombie Assault 3 (aka com.ninjakiwi.sas3zombieassault) application 2.56 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof ser…
CVE-2014-5669 medium 5.4 12y ago The 9GAG - Funny pics and videos (aka com.ninegag.android.app) application 2.4.10 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof se…
CVE-2014-5668 medium 5.4 12y ago The BAND -Group sharing & planning (aka com.nhn.android.band) application 3.2.8 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof serv…
CVE-2014-5667 medium 5.4 12y ago The Vault-Hide SMS, Pics & Videos (aka com.netqin.ps) application 5.0.14.22 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers …
CVE-2014-5666 medium 5.4 12y ago The AVD Download Video (aka com.myboyfriendisageek.videocatcher.demo) application 3.3.13 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to s…
CVE-2014-5664 medium 5.4 12y ago The Spider Solitaire (aka com.mobilityware.spider) application 3.0.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obt…
CVE-2014-5663 medium 5.4 12y ago The FreeCell Solitaire (aka com.mobilityware.freecell) application 2.1.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and…
CVE-2014-5662 medium 5.4 12y ago The Rail Rush (aka com.miniclip.railrush) application 1.9.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensi…
CVE-2014-5661 medium 5.4 12y ago The Anger of Stick 3 (aka com.miniclip.angerofstick3) application 1.0.3 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and …
CVE-2014-5660 medium 5.4 12y ago The TN Members 1st FCU-RDC (aka com.metova.cuae.tmffcu) application 1.0.28 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers a…
CVE-2014-5659 medium 5.4 12y ago The ASTRO File Manager with Cloud (aka com.metago.astro) application ASTRO-4.4.592 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof s…
CVE-2014-5658 medium 5.4 12y ago The MercadoLibre (aka com.mercadolibre) application 3.8.7 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensiti…
CVE-2014-5657 medium 5.4 12y ago The CA Lottery Results (aka com.matcho0.calotto) application 2.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain …
CVE-2014-5656 medium 5.4 12y ago The TRA Auctions for Buyers (aka com.manheim.tra) application 2.6 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain…
CVE-2014-5655 medium 5.4 12y ago The CM Browser - Fast & Secure (aka com.ksmobile.cb) application 5.0.50 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and …
CVE-2014-5654 medium 5.4 12y ago The Kaspersky Internet Security (aka com.kms.free) application 11.4.4.232 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers an…
CVE-2014-5653 medium 5.4 12y ago The Unblock Me FREE (aka com.kiragames.unblockmefree) application 1.4.4.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers an…
CVE-2014-5652 medium 5.4 12y ago The Kicksend Photo Prints (aka com.kicksend.android.print) application 1.0.7 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers…
CVE-2014-5651 medium 5.4 12y ago The Kicksend: Share & Print Photos (aka com.kicksend.android) application 3.3.2.18 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof s…
CVE-2014-5650 medium 5.4 12y ago The Traffic Jam Free (aka com.jiuzhangtech.rushhour) application 1.7.7 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and o…
CVE-2014-5649 medium 5.4 12y ago The iLove - Free Dating & Chat App (aka com.jestadigital.android.ilove) application 1.3.3 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to …
CVE-2014-5648 medium 5.4 12y ago The Chat, Flirt & Dating Heart JAUMO (aka com.jaumo) application 2.7.5 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and o…
CVE-2014-5647 medium 5.4 12y ago The ISL Light Remote Desktop (aka com.islonline.isllight.mobile.android) application 2.1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to…
CVE-2014-5646 medium 5.4 12y ago The AMC Security- Antivirus, Clean (aka com.iobit.mobilecare) application 4.4.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof serv…
CVE-2014-5645 medium 5.4 12y ago The CamScanner -Phone PDF Creator (aka com.intsig.camscanner) application 3.4.0.20140624 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to s…
CVE-2014-5644 medium 5.4 12y ago The Brightest LED Flashlight (aka com.intellectualflame.ledflashlight.washer) application 1.2.4 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attacke…
CVE-2014-5643 medium 5.4 12y ago The Instachat -Instagram Messenger (aka com.instachat.android) application 1.6.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof ser…
CVE-2014-5642 medium 5.4 12y ago The IMPI Mobile Security (aka com.impi) application 2.1.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensiti…
CVE-2014-5641 medium 5.4 12y ago The Cloud Manager (aka com.ileaf.cloud_manager) application 1.6 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain s…
CVE-2014-5640 medium 5.4 12y ago The CM Backup -Restore,Cloud,Photo (aka com.ijinshan.kbackup) application 1.1.0.135 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof …
CVE-2014-5639 medium 5.4 12y ago The ADT Taxis (aka com.icabbi.adttaxisApp) application 6 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitiv…
CVE-2014-5638 medium 5.4 12y ago The Huntington Mobile (aka com.huntington.m) application 2.1.222 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain …
CVE-2014-5637 medium 5.4 12y ago The Eu Sei (aka com.guilardi.eusei) application eusei_android_5.5 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain…
CVE-2014-5636 medium 5.4 12y ago The Cloud Browser (aka com.granitamalta.cloudbrowser) application 2.2.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and …
CVE-2014-5635 medium 5.4 12y ago The Buy Yorkshire Conference (aka com.gotfocus.buyyorkshire) application 1.4 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers…
CVE-2014-5634 medium 5.4 12y ago The Madipass Martinique (aka com.goodbarber.madipassmartinique) application 1.8 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof serv…
CVE-2014-5633 medium 5.4 12y ago The Kiss Kiss Office (aka com.girlsgames123.kisskissoffice) application 1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers an…
CVE-2014-5632 medium 5.4 12y ago The Mega Jump (aka com.getsetgames.megajump) application @7F080002 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtai…
CVE-2014-5631 medium 5.4 12y ago The Video Poker Casino (aka com.geaxgame.videopoker) application 1.0.5 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and o…
CVE-2014-5630 medium 5.4 12y ago The Home Repair (aka com.gcspublishing.houserepairtalk) application 3.7.9 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers an…
CVE-2014-5629 medium 5.4 12y ago The Stupid Zombies (aka com.gameresort.stupidzombies) application 1.12 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and o…
CVE-2014-5628 medium 5.4 12y ago The Wonder Zoo - Animal rescue ! (aka com.gameloft.android.ANMP.GloftZRHM) application 1.6.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers …
CVE-2014-5627 medium 5.4 12y ago The Ice Age Village (aka com.gameloft.android.ANMP.GloftIAHM) application 2.8.0m for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof ser…
CVE-2014-5626 medium 5.4 12y ago The Brothers In Arms 2 Free+ (aka com.gameloft.android.ANMP.GloftB2HM) application 1.2.0b for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to …
CVE-2014-5625 medium 5.4 12y ago The Perfect Kick (aka com.gamegou.PerfectKick.google) application 1.3.0 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and …
CVE-2014-5624 medium 5.4 12y ago The Sniper Shooter Free - Fun Game (aka com.fungamesforfree.snipershooter.free) application 2.8 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attacke…
CVE-2014-5623 medium 5.4 12y ago The penguinchefshop (aka com.freegames.penguinchefshop) application 1.0.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers an…
CVE-2014-5622 medium 5.4 12y ago The Follow Mania for Instagram (aka com.followmania) application 1.2.1 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and o…
CVE-2014-5621 medium 5.4 12y ago The Office Zombie (aka com.fluik.OfficeZombieGoogleFree) application 1.3.13 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers …
CVE-2014-5620 medium 5.4 12y ago The Office Jerk Free (aka com.fluik.OfficeJerkFree) application 1.7.13 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and o…
CVE-2014-5618 medium 5.4 12y ago The Cartoon Camera (aka com.fingersoft.cartooncamera) application 1.2.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and …
CVE-2014-5617 medium 5.4 12y ago The Exsoul Web Browser (aka com.exsoul) application 3.3.3 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensiti…
CVE-2014-5616 medium 5.4 12y ago The Web Browser & Explorer (aka com.explore.web.browser) application 2.0.7 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers a…
CVE-2014-5615 medium 5.4 12y ago The Snap Secure (aka com.exclaim.snapsecure.app) application 9.5 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain …
CVE-2014-5614 medium 5.4 12y ago The Love Collage - Photo Editor (aka com.etoolkit.lovecollage) application 1.3 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof serve…
CVE-2014-5613 medium 5.4 12y ago The Able Remote (aka com.entertailion.android.remote) application 2.3.6 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and …
CVE-2014-5612 medium 5.4 12y ago The Gmarket (aka com.ebay.kr.gmarket) application 5.1.3 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive…
CVE-2014-5611 medium 5.4 12y ago The eBay Kleinanzeigen for Germany (aka com.ebay.kleinanzeigen) application 5.0.2 for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof se…