CVEs from 2018
Total
3,289
critical
critical 225
high
high 266
medium
medium 224
low
low 32
% Critical
6.8%
% with KEV
2.7%
% with exploit
2.8%
Top vendors
- frappe 4
- redhat 2
- magix 1
- mybb 1
- gitbucket 1
- qemu 1
- dragonexpert 1
- kingsoftstore 1
Top products
- erpnext 4
- terminal_services_manager 1
- ultraiso 1
- dolibarr_erp\/crm 1
- gitbucket 1
- pdfunite 1
- qemu 1
- virtualization_manager 1
| CVE | Severity | CVSS | Risk | Published | Description | Impact |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CVE-2018-13099 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in fs/f2fs/inline.c in the Linux kernel through 4.4. A denial of service (out-of-bounds memory access and BUG) can occur for a modified f2fs filesystem image in which an inlin… | |
| CVE-2018-13095 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in fs/xfs/libxfs/xfs_inode_buf.c in the Linux kernel through 4.17.3. A denial of service (memory corruption and BUG) can occur for a corrupted xfs image upon encountering an i… | |
| CVE-2018-21008 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in the Linux kernel before 4.16.7. A use-after-free can be caused by the function rsi_mac80211_detach in the file drivers/net/wireless/rsi/rsi_91x_mac80211.c. | |
| CVE-2018-13094 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in fs/xfs/libxfs/xfs_attr_leaf.c in the Linux kernel through 4.17.3. An OOPS may occur for a corrupted xfs image after xfs_da_shrink_inode() is called with a NULL bp. | |
| CVE-2018-13093 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in fs/xfs/xfs_icache.c in the Linux kernel through 4.17.3. There is a NULL pointer dereference and panic in lookup_slow() on a NULL inode->i_ops pointer when doing pathwalks o… | |
| CVE-2018-13053 | unknown | — | — | — | The alarm_timer_nsleep function in kernel/time/alarmtimer.c in the Linux kernel through 4.17.3 has an integer overflow via a large relative timeout because ktime_add_safe is not used. | |
| CVE-2018-18710 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in the Linux kernel through 4.19. An information leak in cdrom_ioctl_select_disc in drivers/cdrom/cdrom.c could be used by local attackers to read kernel memory because a cast… | |
| CVE-2018-12904 | unknown | — | — | — | In arch/x86/kvm/vmx.c in the Linux kernel before 4.17.2, when nested virtualization is used, local attackers could cause L1 KVM guests to VMEXIT, potentially allowing privilege escalations and denial… | |
| CVE-2018-20509 | unknown | — | — | — | The print_binder_ref_olocked function in drivers/android/binder.c in the Linux kernel 4.14.90 allows local users to obtain sensitive address information by reading " ref *desc *node" lines in a debug… | |
| CVE-2018-20856 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in the Linux kernel before 4.18.7. In block/blk-core.c, there is an __blk_drain_queue() use-after-free because a certain error case is mishandled. | |
| CVE-2018-12896 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in the Linux kernel through 4.17.3. An Integer Overflow in kernel/time/posix-timers.c in the POSIX timer code is caused by the way the overrun accounting works. Depending on i… | |
| CVE-2018-6555 | unknown | — | — | — | The irda_setsockopt function in net/irda/af_irda.c and later in drivers/staging/irda/net/af_irda.c in the Linux kernel before 4.17 allows local users to cause a denial of service (ias_object use-afte… | |
| CVE-2018-12714 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in the Linux kernel through 4.17.2. The filter parsing in kernel/trace/trace_events_filter.c could be called with no filter, which is an N=0 case when it expected at least one… | |
| CVE-2018-12633 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in the Linux kernel through 4.17.2. vbg_misc_device_ioctl() in drivers/virt/vboxguest/vboxguest_linux.c reads the same user data twice with copy_from_user. The header part of … | |
| CVE-2018-12232 | unknown | — | — | — | In net/socket.c in the Linux kernel through 4.17.1, there is a race condition between fchownat and close in cases where they target the same socket file descriptor, related to the sock_close and sock… | |
| CVE-2018-12130 | unknown | — | — | — | Microarchitectural Fill Buffer Data Sampling (MFBDS): Fill buffers on some microprocessors utilizing speculative execution may allow an authenticated user to potentially enable information disclosure… | |
| CVE-2018-12207 | unknown | — | — | — | Improper invalidation for page table updates by a virtual guest operating system for multiple Intel(R) Processors may allow an authenticated user to potentially enable denial of service of the host s… | |
| CVE-2018-6554 | unknown | — | — | — | Memory leak in the irda_bind function in net/irda/af_irda.c and later in drivers/staging/irda/net/af_irda.c in the Linux kernel before 4.17 allows local users to cause a denial of service (memory con… | |
| CVE-2018-12126 | unknown | — | — | — | Microarchitectural Store Buffer Data Sampling (MSBDS): Store buffers on some microprocessors utilizing speculative execution may allow an authenticated user to potentially enable information disclosu… | |
| CVE-2018-11987 | unknown | — | — | — | In all android releases(Android for MSM, Firefox OS for MSM, QRD Android) from CAF using the linux kernel, if there is an unlikely memory alloc failure for the secure pool in boot, it can result in w… | |
| CVE-2018-14614 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in the Linux kernel through 4.17.10. There is an out-of-bounds access in __remove_dirty_segment() in fs/f2fs/segment.c when mounting an f2fs image. | |
| CVE-2018-13406 | unknown | — | — | — | An integer overflow in the uvesafb_setcmap function in drivers/video/fbdev/uvesafb.c in the Linux kernel before 4.17.4 could result in local attackers being able to crash the kernel or potentially el… | |
| CVE-2018-11412 | unknown | — | — | — | In the Linux kernel 4.13 through 4.16.11, ext4_read_inline_data() in fs/ext4/inline.c performs a memcpy with an untrusted length value in certain circumstances involving a crafted filesystem that sto… | |
| CVE-2018-16871 | unknown | — | — | — | A flaw was found in the Linux kernel's NFS implementation, all versions 3.x and all versions 4.x up to 4.20. An attacker, who is able to mount an exported NFS filesystem, is able to trigger a null po… | |
| CVE-2018-1129 | unknown | — | — | — | A flaw was found in the way signature calculation was handled by cephx authentication protocol. An attacker having access to ceph cluster network who is able to alter the message payload was able to … | |
| CVE-2018-1128 | unknown | — | — | — | It was found that cephx authentication protocol did not verify ceph clients correctly and was vulnerable to replay attack. Any attacker having access to ceph cluster network who is able to sniff pack… | |
| CVE-2018-5803 | unknown | — | — | — | In the Linux Kernel before version 4.15.8, 4.14.25, 4.9.87, 4.4.121, 4.1.51, and 3.2.102, an error in the "_sctp_make_chunk()" function (net/sctp/sm_make_chunk.c) when handling SCTP packets length ca… | |
| CVE-2018-1118 | unknown | — | — | — | Linux kernel vhost since version 4.8 does not properly initialize memory in messages passed between virtual guests and the host operating system in the vhost/vhost.c:vhost_new_msg() function. This ca… | |
| CVE-2018-1108 | unknown | — | — | — | kernel drivers before version 4.17-rc1 are vulnerable to a weakness in the Linux kernel's implementation of random seed data. Programs, early in the boot sequence, could use the data allocated for th… | |
| CVE-2018-1095 | unknown | — | — | — | The ext4_xattr_check_entries function in fs/ext4/xattr.c in the Linux kernel through 4.15.15 does not properly validate xattr sizes, which causes misinterpretation of a size as an error code, and con… | |
| CVE-2018-14616 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in the Linux kernel through 4.17.10. There is a NULL pointer dereference in fscrypt_do_page_crypto() in fs/crypto/crypto.c when operating on a file in a corrupted f2fs image. | |
| CVE-2018-1094 | unknown | — | — | — | The ext4_fill_super function in fs/ext4/super.c in the Linux kernel through 4.15.15 does not always initialize the crc32c checksum driver, which allows attackers to cause a denial of service (ext4_xa… | |
| CVE-2018-10938 | unknown | — | — | — | A flaw was found in the Linux kernel present since v4.0-rc1 and through v4.13-rc4. A crafted network packet sent remotely by an attacker may force the kernel to enter an infinite loop in the cipso_v4… | |
| CVE-2018-9363 | unknown | — | — | — | In the hidp_process_report in bluetooth, there is an integer overflow. This could lead to an out of bounds write with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exp… | |
| CVE-2018-1091 | unknown | — | — | — | In the flush_tmregs_to_thread function in arch/powerpc/kernel/ptrace.c in the Linux kernel before 4.13.5, a guest kernel crash can be triggered from unprivileged userspace during a core dump on a POW… | |
| CVE-2018-10902 | unknown | — | — | — | It was found that the raw midi kernel driver does not protect against concurrent access which leads to a double realloc (double free) in snd_rawmidi_input_params() and snd_rawmidi_output_status() whi… | |
| CVE-2018-19206 | unknown | — | — | — | steps/mail/func.inc in Roundcube before 1.3.8 has XSS via crafted use of <svg><style>, as demonstrated by an onload attribute in a BODY element, within an HTML attachment. | |
| CVE-2018-10901 | unknown | — | — | — | A flaw was found in Linux kernel's KVM virtualization subsystem. The VMX code does not restore the GDT.LIMIT to the previous host value, but instead sets it to 64KB. With a corrupted GDT limit a host… | |
| CVE-2018-10883 | unknown | — | — | — | A flaw was found in the Linux kernel's ext4 filesystem. A local user can cause an out-of-bounds write in jbd2_journal_dirty_metadata(), a denial of service, and a system crash by mounting and operati… | |
| CVE-2018-20976 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in fs/xfs/xfs_super.c in the Linux kernel before 4.18. A use after free exists, related to xfs_fs_fill_super failure. | |
| CVE-2018-10882 | unknown | — | — | — | A flaw was found in the Linux kernel's ext4 filesystem. A local user can cause an out-of-bound write in in fs/jbd2/transaction.c code, a denial of service, and a system crash by unmounting a crafted … | |
| CVE-2018-5333 | unknown | — | — | — | In the Linux kernel through 4.14.13, the rds_cmsg_atomic function in net/rds/rdma.c mishandles cases where page pinning fails or an invalid address is supplied, leading to an rds_atomic_free_op NULL … | |
| CVE-2018-14609 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in the Linux kernel through 4.17.10. There is an invalid pointer dereference in __del_reloc_root() in fs/btrfs/relocation.c when mounting a crafted btrfs image, related to rem… | |
| CVE-2018-19985 | unknown | — | — | — | The function hso_get_config_data in drivers/net/usb/hso.c in the Linux kernel through 4.19.8 reads if_num from the USB device (as a u8) and uses it to index a small array, resulting in an object out-… | |
| CVE-2018-10880 | unknown | — | — | — | Linux kernel is vulnerable to a stack-out-of-bounds write in the ext4 filesystem code when mounting and writing to a crafted ext4 image in ext4_update_inline_data(). An attacker could use this to cau… | |
| CVE-2018-10879 | unknown | — | — | — | A flaw was found in the Linux kernel's ext4 filesystem. A local user can cause a use-after-free in ext4_xattr_set_entry function and a denial of service or unspecified other impact may occur by renam… | |
| CVE-2018-7480 | unknown | — | — | — | The blkcg_init_queue function in block/blk-cgroup.c in the Linux kernel before 4.11 allows local users to cause a denial of service (double free) or possibly have unspecified other impact by triggeri… | |
| CVE-2018-10878 | unknown | — | — | — | A flaw was found in the Linux kernel's ext4 filesystem. A local user can cause an out-of-bounds write and a denial of service or unspecified other impact is possible by mounting and operating a craft… | |
| CVE-2018-10877 | unknown | — | — | — | Linux kernel ext4 filesystem is vulnerable to an out-of-bound access in the ext4_ext_drop_refs() function when operating on a crafted ext4 filesystem image. | |
| CVE-2018-10881 | unknown | — | — | — | A flaw was found in the Linux kernel's ext4 filesystem. A local user can cause an out-of-bound access in ext4_get_group_info function, a denial of service, and a system crash by mounting and operatin… | |
| CVE-2018-19205 | unknown | — | — | — | Roundcube before 1.3.7 mishandles GnuPG MDC integrity-protection warnings, which makes it easier for attackers to obtain sensitive information, a related issue to CVE-2017-17688. This is associated w… | |
| CVE-2018-10876 | unknown | — | — | — | A flaw was found in Linux kernel in the ext4 filesystem code. A use-after-free is possible in ext4_ext_remove_space() function when mounting and operating a crafted ext4 image. | |
| CVE-2018-10872 | unknown | — | — | — | A flaw was found in the way the Linux kernel handled exceptions delivered after a stack switch operation via Mov SS or Pop SS instructions. During the stack switch operation, processor does not deliv… | |
| CVE-2018-1000071 | unknown | — | — | — | roundcube version 1.3.4 and earlier contains an Insecure Permissions vulnerability in enigma plugin that can result in exfiltration of gpg private key. This attack appear to be exploitable via networ… | |
| CVE-2018-3665 | unknown | — | — | — | System software utilizing Lazy FP state restore technique on systems using Intel Core-based microprocessors may potentially allow a local process to infer data from another process through a speculat… | |
| CVE-2018-1092 | unknown | — | — | — | The ext4_iget function in fs/ext4/inode.c in the Linux kernel through 4.15.15 mishandles the case of a root directory with a zero i_links_count, which allows attackers to cause a denial of service (e… | |
| CVE-2018-1087 | unknown | — | — | — | kernel KVM before versions kernel 4.16, kernel 4.16-rc7, kernel 4.17-rc1, kernel 4.17-rc2 and kernel 4.17-rc3 is vulnerable to a flaw in the way the Linux kernel's KVM hypervisor handled exceptions d… | |
| CVE-2018-1093 | unknown | — | — | — | The ext4_valid_block_bitmap function in fs/ext4/balloc.c in the Linux kernel through 4.15.15 allows attackers to cause a denial of service (out-of-bounds read and system crash) via a crafted ext4 ima… | |
| CVE-2018-10853 | unknown | — | — | — | A flaw was found in the way Linux kernel KVM hypervisor before 4.18 emulated instructions such as sgdt/sidt/fxsave/fxrstor. It did not check current privilege(CPL) level while emulating unprivileged … | |
| CVE-2018-9518 | unknown | — | — | — | In nfc_llcp_build_sdreq_tlv of llcp_commands.c, there is a possible out of bounds write due to a missing bounds check. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with System execution privilege… | |
| CVE-2018-10940 | unknown | — | — | — | The cdrom_ioctl_media_changed function in drivers/cdrom/cdrom.c in the Linux kernel before 4.16.6 allows local attackers to use a incorrect bounds check in the CDROM driver CDROM_MEDIA_CHANGED ioctl … | |
| CVE-2018-14615 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in the Linux kernel through 4.17.10. There is a buffer overflow in truncate_inline_inode() in fs/f2fs/inline.c when umounting an f2fs image, because a length value may be nega… | |
| CVE-2018-10840 | unknown | — | — | — | Linux kernel is vulnerable to a heap-based buffer overflow in the fs/ext4/xattr.c:ext4_xattr_set_entry() function. An attacker could exploit this by operating on a mounted crafted ext4 image. | |
| CVE-2018-1068 | unknown | — | — | — | A flaw was found in the Linux 4.x kernel's implementation of 32-bit syscall interface for bridging. This allowed a privileged user to arbitrarily write to a limited range of kernel memory. | |
| CVE-2018-10675 | unknown | — | — | — | The do_get_mempolicy function in mm/mempolicy.c in the Linux kernel before 4.12.9 allows local users to cause a denial of service (use-after-free) or possibly have unspecified other impact via crafte… | |
| CVE-2018-11232 | unknown | — | — | — | The etm_setup_aux function in drivers/hwtracing/coresight/coresight-etm-perf.c in the Linux kernel before 4.10.2 allows attackers to cause a denial of service (panic) because a parameter is incorrect… | |
| CVE-2018-1066 | unknown | — | — | — | The Linux kernel before version 4.11 is vulnerable to a NULL pointer dereference in fs/cifs/cifsencrypt.c:setup_ntlmv2_rsp() that allows an attacker controlling a CIFS server to kernel panic a client… | |
| CVE-2018-1065 | unknown | — | — | — | The netfilter subsystem in the Linux kernel through 4.15.7 mishandles the case of a rule blob that contains a jump but lacks a user-defined chain, which allows local users to cause a denial of servic… | |
| CVE-2018-1130 | unknown | — | — | — | Linux kernel before version 4.16-rc7 is vulnerable to a null pointer dereference in dccp_write_xmit() function in net/dccp/output.c in that allows a local user to cause a denial of service by a numbe… | |
| CVE-2018-12930 | unknown | — | — | — | ntfs_end_buffer_async_read in the ntfs.ko filesystem driver in the Linux kernel 4.15.0 allows attackers to trigger a stack-based out-of-bounds write and cause a denial of service (kernel oops or pani… | |
| CVE-2018-10323 | unknown | — | — | — | The xfs_bmap_extents_to_btree function in fs/xfs/libxfs/xfs_bmap.c in the Linux kernel through 4.16.3 allows local users to cause a denial of service (xfs_bmapi_write NULL pointer dereference) via a … | |
| CVE-2018-10322 | unknown | — | — | — | The xfs_dinode_verify function in fs/xfs/libxfs/xfs_inode_buf.c in the Linux kernel through 4.16.3 allows local users to cause a denial of service (xfs_ilock_attr_map_shared invalid pointer dereferen… | |
| CVE-2018-11506 | unknown | — | — | — | The sr_do_ioctl function in drivers/scsi/sr_ioctl.c in the Linux kernel through 4.16.12 allows local users to cause a denial of service (stack-based buffer overflow) or possibly have unspecified othe… | |
| CVE-2018-11508 | unknown | — | — | — | The compat_get_timex function in kernel/compat.c in the Linux kernel before 4.16.9 allows local users to obtain sensitive information from kernel memory via adjtimex. | |
| CVE-2018-10124 | unknown | — | — | — | The kill_something_info function in kernel/signal.c in the Linux kernel before 4.13, when an unspecified architecture and compiler is used, might allow local users to cause a denial of service via an… | |
| CVE-2018-9517 | unknown | — | — | — | In pppol2tp_connect, there is possible memory corruption due to a use after free. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with System execution privileges needed. User interaction is not nee… | |
| CVE-2018-10087 | unknown | — | — | — | The kernel_wait4 function in kernel/exit.c in the Linux kernel before 4.13, when an unspecified architecture and compiler is used, might allow local users to cause a denial of service by triggering a… | |
| CVE-2018-12127 | unknown | — | — | — | Microarchitectural Load Port Data Sampling (MLPDS): Load ports on some microprocessors utilizing speculative execution may allow an authenticated user to potentially enable information disclosure via… | |
| CVE-2018-10074 | unknown | — | — | — | The hi3660_stub_clk_probe function in drivers/clk/hisilicon/clk-hi3660-stub.c in the Linux kernel before 4.16 allows local users to cause a denial of service (NULL pointer dereference) by triggering … | |
| CVE-2018-10021 | unknown | — | — | — | drivers/scsi/libsas/sas_scsi_host.c in the Linux kernel before 4.16 allows local users to cause a denial of service (ata qc leak) by triggering certain failure conditions. NOTE: a third party dispute… | |
| CVE-2018-1000204 | unknown | — | — | — | Linux Kernel version 3.18 to 4.16 incorrectly handles an SG_IO ioctl on /dev/sg0 with dxfer_direction=SG_DXFER_FROM_DEV and an empty 6-byte cmdp. This may lead to copying up to 1000 kernel heap pages… | |
| CVE-2018-12233 | unknown | — | — | — | In the ea_get function in fs/jfs/xattr.c in the Linux kernel through 4.17.1, a memory corruption bug in JFS can be triggered by calling setxattr twice with two different extended attribute names on t… | |
| CVE-2018-1000200 | unknown | — | — | — | The Linux Kernel versions 4.14, 4.15, and 4.16 has a null pointer dereference which can result in an out of memory (OOM) killing of large mlocked processes. The issue arises from an oom killed proces… | |
| CVE-2018-1000199 | unknown | — | — | — | The Linux Kernel version 3.18 contains a dangerous feature vulnerability in modify_user_hw_breakpoint() that can result in crash and possibly memory corruption. This attack appear to be exploitable v… | |
| CVE-2018-1000026 | unknown | — | — | — | Linux Linux kernel version at least v4.8 onwards, probably well before contains a Insufficient input validation vulnerability in bnx2x network card driver that can result in DoS: Network card firmwar… | |
| CVE-2018-1000004 | unknown | — | — | — | In the Linux kernel 4.12, 3.10, 2.6 and possibly earlier versions a race condition vulnerability exists in the sound system, this can lead to a deadlock and denial of service condition. | |
| CVE-2018-7191 | unknown | — | — | — | In the tun subsystem in the Linux kernel before 4.13.14, dev_get_valid_name is not called before register_netdevice. This allows local users to cause a denial of service (NULL pointer dereference and… | |
| CVE-2018-12928 | unknown | — | — | — | In the Linux kernel 4.15.0, a NULL pointer dereference was discovered in hfs_ext_read_extent in hfs.ko. This can occur during a mount of a crafted hfs filesystem. | |
| CVE-2018-12929 | unknown | — | — | — | ntfs_read_locked_inode in the ntfs.ko filesystem driver in the Linux kernel 4.15.0 allows attackers to trigger a use-after-free read and possibly cause a denial of service (kernel oops or panic) via … | |
| CVE-2018-12931 | unknown | — | — | — | ntfs_attr_find in the ntfs.ko filesystem driver in the Linux kernel 4.15.0 allows attackers to trigger a stack-based out-of-bounds write and cause a denial of service (kernel oops or panic) or possib… | |
| CVE-2018-1000028 | unknown | — | — | — | Linux kernel version after commit bdcf0a423ea1 - 4.15-rc4+, 4.14.8+, 4.9.76+, 4.4.111+ contains a Incorrect Access Control vulnerability in NFS server (nfsd) that can result in remote users reading o… | |
| CVE-2018-7685 | unknown | — | — | — | The decoupled download and installation steps in libzypp before 17.5.0 could lead to a corrupted RPM being left in the cache, where a later call would not display the corrupted RPM warning and allow … | |
| CVE-2018-14625 | unknown | — | — | — | A flaw was found in the Linux Kernel where an attacker may be able to have an uncontrolled read to kernel-memory from within a vm guest. A race condition between connect() and close() function may al… | |
| CVE-2018-13096 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in fs/f2fs/super.c in the Linux kernel through 4.14. A denial of service (out-of-bounds memory access and BUG) can occur upon encountering an abnormal bitmap size when mountin… | |
| CVE-2018-20961 | unknown | — | — | — | In the Linux kernel before 4.16.4, a double free vulnerability in the f_midi_set_alt function of drivers/usb/gadget/function/f_midi.c in the f_midi driver may allow attackers to cause a denial of ser… | |
| CVE-2018-13097 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in fs/f2fs/super.c in the Linux kernel through 4.17.3. There is an out-of-bounds read or a divide-by-zero error for an incorrect user_block_count in a corrupted f2fs image, le… | |
| CVE-2018-14641 | unknown | — | — | — | A security flaw was found in the ip_frag_reasm() function in net/ipv4/ip_fragment.c in the Linux kernel from 4.19-rc1 to 4.19-rc3 inclusive, which can cause a later system crash in ip_do_fragment(). … | |
| CVE-2018-13100 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in fs/f2fs/super.c in the Linux kernel through 4.17.3, which does not properly validate secs_per_zone in a corrupted f2fs image, as demonstrated by a divide-by-zero error. | |
| CVE-2018-16885 | unknown | — | — | — | A flaw was found in the Linux kernel that allows the userspace to call memcpy_fromiovecend() and similar functions with a zero offset and buffer length which causes the read beyond the buffer boundar… | |
| CVE-2018-9422 | unknown | — | — | — | In get_futex_key of futex.c, there is a use-after-free due to improper locking. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional privileges needed. User interaction is not needed f… |