CVEs from 2018
Total
3,128
critical
critical 229
high
high 302
medium
medium 256
low
low 39
% Critical
7.3%
% with KEV
2.8%
% with exploit
4.0%
Top vendors
Top products
- core_i7 379
- core_i5 375
- core_i3 242
- xeon_e5 82
- xeon_e7 62
- xeon_e3 58
- xeon_gold 33
- atom_z 30
| CVE | Severity | CVSS | Risk | Flags | OS | Vendor | Published | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CVE-2018-12086 | high | — | 8.0 | 8y ago | Buffer overflow in OPC UA applications allows remote attackers to trigger a stack overflow with carefully structured requests. | |||
| CVE-2018-25302 | high | 7.8 | 7.8 | 1mo ago | Allok AVI to DVD SVCD VCD Converter 4.0.1217 contains a structured exception handling (SEH) based buffer overflow vulnerability that allows local attackers to execute arbitrary code by supplying a ma… | |||
| CVE-2018-25261 | high | 7.8 | 7.8 | 1mo ago | Iperius Backup 5.8.1 contains a local buffer overflow vulnerability in the structured exception handling (SEH) mechanism that allows local attackers to execute arbitrary code by supplying a malicious… | |||
| CVE-2018-25260 | high | 7.8 | 7.8 | 1mo ago | MAGIX Music Editor 3.1 contains a buffer overflow vulnerability in the FreeDB Proxy Options dialog that allows local attackers to execute arbitrary code by exploiting structured exception handling. A… | |||
| CVE-2018-25259 | high | 7.8 | 7.8 | 1mo ago | Terminal Services Manager 3.1 contains a stack-based buffer overflow vulnerability in the computer names field that allows local attackers to execute arbitrary code by triggering structured exception… | |||
| CVE-2018-25213 | high | 7.8 | 7.8 | 2mo ago | Nsauditor 3.0.28.0 contains a structured exception handling buffer overflow vulnerability that allows local attackers to execute arbitrary code by supplying malicious input to the DNS Lookup tool. At… | |||
| CVE-2018-6400 | high | 7.8 | 7.8 | 8y ago | Kingsoft WPS Office Free 10.2.0.5978 allows local users to gain privileges or cause a denial of service by impersonating all the pipes through a use of \\.\pipe\WPSCloudSvr\WpsCloudSvr -- an "insecur… | |||
| CVE-2018-25396 | high | 7.5 | 7.5 | 11h ago | Heatmiser Wifi Thermostat 1.7 contains a credential disclosure vulnerability that allows unauthenticated attackers to retrieve administrative credentials by accessing the networkSetup.htm page. Attac… | |||
| CVE-2018-25391 | high | 7.5 | 7.5 | 11h ago | HaPe PKH 1.1 fails to enforce authorization on its record deletion endpoints, allowing unauthenticated attackers to delete arbitrary records by sending a crafted request that specifies the target rec… | |||
| CVE-2018-25374 | high | 7.5 | 7.5 | 5d ago | Softneta MedDream PACS Server Premium 6.7.1.1 contains a directory traversal vulnerability that allows unauthenticated attackers to read arbitrary files by manipulating the path parameter. Attackers … | |||
| CVE-2018-25368 | high | 7.5 | 7.5 | 5d ago | Nord VPN 6.14.31 contains a denial of service vulnerability that allows unauthenticated attackers to crash the application by submitting an excessively long string in the password field. Attackers ca… | |||
| CVE-2018-25365 | high | 7.5 | 7.5 | 5d ago | PCViewer vt1000 contains a directory traversal vulnerability that allows unauthenticated attackers to read arbitrary files by submitting relative path sequences in GET requests. Attackers can use pat… | |||
| CVE-2018-25358 | high | 7.5 | 7.5 | 6d ago | D-Link DIR601 2.02NA contains a credential disclosure vulnerability that allows unauthenticated attackers to retrieve sensitive configuration data by manipulating the table_name parameter in POST req… | |||
| CVE-2018-25329 | high | 7.5 | 7.5 | 13d ago | WordPress Plugin WP with Spritz 1.0 contains a remote file inclusion vulnerability that allows unauthenticated attackers to read arbitrary files by injecting file paths into the url parameter. Attack… | |||
| CVE-2018-25326 | high | 7.5 | 7.5 | 13d ago | Google Drive for WordPress 2.2 contains a path traversal vulnerability that allows unauthenticated attackers to read arbitrary files by injecting directory traversal sequences in the file_name parame… | |||
| CVE-2018-25325 | high | 7.5 | 7.5 | 13d ago | Woocommerce CSV Importer 3.3.6 contains a path traversal vulnerability that allows any registered user to delete arbitrary files by submitting unescaped filenames through the delete_export_file AJAX … | |||
| CVE-2018-7794 | high | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7y ago | A CWE-754: Improper Check for Unusual or Exceptional Conditions vulnerability exists in Modicon M580, Modicon M340, Modicon Quantum, Modicon Premium (see security notification for specific versions) … | |||
| CVE-2018-7852 | high | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7y ago | A CWE-248: Uncaught Exception vulnerability exists in all versions of the Modicon M580, Modicon M340, Modicon Quantum, and Modicon Premium which could cause denial of service when an invalid private … | |||
| CVE-2018-7821 | high | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7y ago | An Environment (CWE-2) vulnerability exists in SoMachine Basic, all versions, and Modicon M221(all references, all versions prior to firmware V1.10.0.0) which could cause cycle time impact when flood… | |||
| CVE-2018-17958 | high | 7.5 | 7.5 | 8y ago | Qemu has a Buffer Overflow in rtl8139_do_receive in hw/net/rtl8139.c because an incorrect integer data type is used. | |||
| CVE-2018-7792 | high | 7.5 | 7.5 | 8y ago | A Permissions, Privileges, and Access Control vulnerability exists in Schneider Electric's Modicon M221 product (all references, all versions prior to firmware V1.6.2.0). The vulnerability allows una… | |||
| CVE-2018-7789 | high | 7.5 | 7.5 | 8y ago | An Improper Check for Unusual or Exceptional Conditions vulnerability exists in Schneider Electric's Modicon M221 product (all references, all versions prior to firmware V1.6.2.0). The vulnerability … | |||
| CVE-2018-3615 | high | 7.3 | 7.3 | 8y ago | Systems with microprocessors utilizing speculative execution and Intel software guard extensions (Intel SGX) may allow unauthorized disclosure of information residing in the L1 data cache from an enc… | |||
| CVE-2018-25392 | high | 7.1 | 7.1 | 11h ago | MaxOn ERP Software 8.x-9.x contains an SQL injection vulnerability that allows authenticated users to execute arbitrary SQL queries through the nomor, user, and jenis parameters in the log_activity f… | |||
| CVE-2018-25381 | high | 7.1 | 7.1 | 5d ago | Joomla Responsive Portfolio 1.6.1 contains an SQL injection vulnerability that allows authenticated attackers to execute arbitrary SQL commands through multiple filter parameters. Attackers can injec… | |||
| CVE-2018-25380 | high | 7.1 | 7.1 | 5d ago | Joomla Component eXtroForms 2.1.5 contains an SQL injection vulnerability that allows authenticated attackers to execute arbitrary SQL commands through the filter_type_id, filter_pid_id, and filter_s… | |||
| CVE-2018-25352 | high | 7.1 | 7.1 | 6d ago | WordPress Ultimate Form Builder Lite plugin version 1.3.7 and below contains an SQL injection vulnerability that allows authenticated attackers to manipulate database queries by injecting SQL code th… | |||
| CVE-2018-25347 | high | 7.1 | 7.1 | 6d ago | WordPress Contact Form Maker Plugin 1.12.20 contains SQL injection vulnerabilities that allow authenticated attackers to manipulate database queries through the FormMakerSQLMapping and generete_csv_f… | |||
| CVE-2018-25346 | high | 7.1 | 7.1 | 6d ago | WordPress Form Maker Plugin 1.12.24 and below contains SQL injection vulnerabilities that allow authenticated attackers to manipulate database queries by injecting SQL code through the FormMakerSQLMa… | |||
| CVE-2018-25319 | high | 7.1 | 7.1 | 13d ago | Redaxo CMS Addon MyEvents 2.2.1 contains an SQL injection vulnerability that allows authenticated attackers to manipulate database queries by injecting SQL code through the myevents_id parameter. Att… | |||
| CVE-2018-25207 | high | 7.1 | 7.1 | 2mo ago | Online Quiz Maker 1.0 contains SQL injection vulnerabilities in the catid and usern parameters that allow authenticated attackers to execute arbitrary SQL commands. Attackers can submit malicious POS… | |||
| CVE-2018-25361 | medium | 6.8 | 6.8 | 5d ago | Soroush IM Desktop App 0.17.0 contains an authentication bypass vulnerability that allows local attackers to remove passcodes by injecting pre-encrypted database entries using a constant encryption k… | |||
| CVE-2018-10622 | medium | 6.8 | 6.8 | 8y ago | Medtronic MyCareLink Patient Monitor uses per-product credentials that are stored in a recoverable format. An attacker can use these credentials to modify encrypted drive data. | |||
| CVE-2018-20781 | medium | — | 6.5 | — | In pam/gkr-pam-module.c in GNOME Keyring before 3.27.2, the user's password is kept in a session-child process spawned from the LightDM daemon. This can expose the credential in cleartext. | |||
| CVE-2018-15473 | medium | — | 6.5 | — | OpenSSH through 7.7 is prone to a user enumeration vulnerability due to not delaying bailout for an invalid authenticating user until after the packet containing the request has been fully parsed, re… | |||
| CVE-2018-25393 | medium | 6.5 | 6.5 | 11h ago | Navigate CMS 2.8.5 contains a path traversal vulnerability that allows authenticated users to download arbitrary files by injecting directory traversal sequences in the id parameter. Attackers can se… | |||
| CVE-2018-25312 | medium | 6.5 | 6.5 | 1mo ago | LifeSize ClearSea 3.1.4 contains directory traversal vulnerabilities that allow authenticated attackers to download and upload arbitrary files by manipulating path parameters in the smartgui interfac… | |||
| CVE-2018-25311 | medium | 6.5 | 6.5 | 1mo ago | VideoFlow Digital Video Protection DVP 2.10 contains an authenticated directory traversal vulnerability that allows attackers with valid credentials to disclose arbitrary files by injecting path trav… | |||
| CVE-2018-13785 | medium | 6.5 | 6.5 | 8y ago | In libpng 1.6.34, a wrong calculation of row_factor in the png_check_chunk_length function (pngrutil.c) may trigger an integer overflow and resultant divide-by-zero while processing a crafted PNG fil… | |||
| CVE-2018-25378 | medium | 6.2 | 6.2 | 5d ago | Notebook Pro 2.0 contains a denial of service vulnerability that allows local attackers to crash the application by supplying an excessively long string in the notebook name field. Attackers can crea… | |||
| CVE-2018-25369 | medium | 6.2 | 6.2 | 5d ago | Visual Ping 0.8.0.0 contains a buffer overflow vulnerability in input field handling that allows local attackers to crash the application by supplying oversized data. Attackers can inject malicious p… | |||
| CVE-2018-25367 | medium | 6.2 | 6.2 | 5d ago | NASA openVSP 3.16.1 contains a buffer overflow vulnerability that allows local attackers to crash the application by supplying an excessively long string in the geometry name field. Attackers can tri… | |||
| CVE-2018-25324 | medium | 6.2 | 6.2 | 13d ago | Simple Fields 0.2 through 0.3.5 WordPress Plugin contains a local file inclusion vulnerability that allows unauthenticated attackers to read arbitrary files by injecting null bytes into the wp_abspat… | |||
| CVE-2018-25313 | medium | 6.2 | 6.2 | 1mo ago | SysGauge 4.5.18 contains a buffer overflow vulnerability in the proxy configuration handler that allows local attackers to cause a denial of service by supplying an oversized string. Attackers can in… | |||
| CVE-2018-25305 | medium | 6.2 | 6.2 | 1mo ago | librsvg2-bin 2.40.13 contains a buffer overflow vulnerability that allows local attackers to cause a denial of service by processing malformed SVG files. Attackers can supply crafted SVG input to the… | |||
| CVE-2018-25349 | medium | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6d ago | userSpice 4.3.24 contains a cross-site scripting vulnerability that allows attackers to inject malicious scripts through the X-Forwarded-For HTTP header. Attackers can send crafted requests to the ba… | |||
| CVE-2018-25331 | medium | 6.1 | 6.1 | 13d ago | Zenar Content Management System contains a cross-site scripting vulnerability that allows unauthenticated attackers to inject malicious scripts by manipulating form parameters in POST requests. Attac… | |||
| CVE-2018-25309 | medium | 6.1 | 6.1 | 1mo ago | MyBB Recent threads 17.0 contains a persistent cross-site scripting vulnerability that allows attackers to inject malicious scripts by creating threads with crafted subject lines. Attackers can creat… | |||
| CVE-2018-25269 | medium | 6.1 | 6.1 | 1mo ago | ICEWARP 10.3.4 and 11.0.0.0 contains a cross-site scripting vulnerability that allows attackers to inject malicious HTML elements into emails by embedding base64-encoded payloads in object and embed … | |||
| CVE-2018-25247 | medium | 6.1 | 6.1 | 2mo ago | MyBB Like Plugin 3.0.0 contains a stored cross-site scripting vulnerability. Authenticated attackers can inject script payloads into post or thread subjects; when other users view a profile that disp… | |||
| CVE-2018-12130 | medium | 5.9 | 5.9 | 7y ago | Microarchitectural Fill Buffer Data Sampling (MFBDS): Fill buffers on some microprocessors utilizing speculative execution may allow an authenticated user to potentially enable information disclosure… | |||
| CVE-2018-12127 | medium | 5.6 | 5.6 | 7y ago | Microarchitectural Load Port Data Sampling (MLPDS): Load ports on some microprocessors utilizing speculative execution may allow an authenticated user to potentially enable information disclosure via… | |||
| CVE-2018-12126 | medium | 5.6 | 5.6 | 7y ago | Microarchitectural Store Buffer Data Sampling (MSBDS): Store buffers on some microprocessors utilizing speculative execution may allow an authenticated user to potentially enable information disclosu… | |||
| CVE-2018-3646 | medium | 5.6 | 5.6 | 8y ago | Systems with microprocessors utilizing speculative execution and address translations may allow unauthorized disclosure of information residing in the L1 data cache to an attacker with local user acc… | |||
| CVE-2018-3620 | medium | 5.6 | 5.6 | 8y ago | Systems with microprocessors utilizing speculative execution and address translations may allow unauthorized disclosure of information residing in the L1 data cache to an attacker with local user acc… | |||
| CVE-2018-6540 | medium | — | 5.5 | — | In ZZIPlib 0.13.67, there is a bus error caused by loading of a misaligned address in the zzip_disk_findfirst function of zzip/mmapped.c. Remote attackers could leverage this vulnerability to cause a… | |||
| CVE-2018-6542 | medium | — | 5.5 | — | In ZZIPlib 0.13.67, there is a bus error (when handling a disk64_trailer seek value) caused by loading of a misaligned address in the zzip_disk_findfirst function of zzip/mmapped.c. | |||
| CVE-2018-18310 | medium | — | 5.5 | — | An invalid memory address dereference was discovered in dwfl_segment_report_module.c in libdwfl in elfutils through v0.174. The vulnerability allows attackers to cause a denial of service (applicatio… | |||
| CVE-2018-11255 | medium | — | 5.5 | — | An issue was discovered in PoDoFo 0.9.5. The function PdfPage::GetPageNumber() in PdfPage.cpp in PoDoFo 0.9.5 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (NULL pointer dereference and applic… | |||
| CVE-2018-8011 | medium | — | 5.5 | — | denial of service in apache | |||
| CVE-2018-1302 | medium | — | 5.5 | — | multiple issues in apache | |||
| CVE-2018-1000035 | medium | — | 5.5 | — | A heap-based buffer overflow exists in Info-Zip UnZip version <= 6.00 in the processing of password-protected archives that allows an attacker to perform a denial of service or to possibly achieve co… | |||
| CVE-2018-10851 | medium | — | 5.5 | — | PowerDNS Authoritative Server 3.3.0 up to 4.1.4 excluding 4.1.5 and 4.0.6, and PowerDNS Recursor 3.2 up to 4.1.4 excluding 4.1.5 and 4.0.9, are vulnerable to a memory leak while parsing malformed rec… | |||
| CVE-2018-14626 | medium | — | 5.5 | — | PowerDNS Authoritative Server 4.1.0 up to 4.1.4 inclusive and PowerDNS Recursor 4.0.0 up to 4.1.4 inclusive are vulnerable to a packet cache pollution via crafted query that can lead to denial of ser… | |||
| CVE-2018-7548 | medium | — | 5.5 | — | In subst.c in zsh through 5.4.2, there is a NULL pointer dereference when using ${(PA)...} on an empty array result. | |||
| CVE-2018-14320 | medium | — | 5.5 | — | This vulnerability allows remote attackers to disclose sensitive information on vulnerable installations of PoDoFo. User interaction is required to exploit this vulnerability in that the target must … | |||
| CVE-2018-19758 | medium | — | 5.5 | — | There is a heap-based buffer over-read at wav.c in wav_write_header in libsndfile 1.0.28 that will cause a denial of service. | |||
| CVE-2018-5205 | medium | — | 5.5 | — | When using incomplete escape codes, Irssi before 1.0.6 may access data beyond the end of the string. | |||
| CVE-2018-6541 | medium | — | 5.5 | — | In ZZIPlib 0.13.67, there is a bus error caused by loading of a misaligned address (when handling disk64_trailer local entries) in __zzip_fetch_disk_trailer (zzip/zip.c). Remote attackers could lever… | |||
| CVE-2018-5729 | medium | — | 5.5 | — | MIT krb5 1.6 or later allows an authenticated kadmin with permission to add principals to an LDAP Kerberos database to cause a denial of service (NULL pointer dereference) or bypass a DN container ch… | |||
| CVE-2018-20846 | medium | — | 5.5 | — | Out-of-bounds accesses in the functions pi_next_lrcp, pi_next_rlcp, pi_next_rpcl, pi_next_pcrl, pi_next_rpcl, and pi_next_cprl in openmj2/pi.c in OpenJPEG through 2.3.0 allow remote attackers to caus… | |||
| CVE-2018-0739 | medium | — | 5.5 | — | Constructed ASN.1 types with a recursive definition (such as can be found in PKCS7) could eventually exceed the stack given malicious input with excessive recursion. This could result in a Denial Of … | |||
| CVE-2018-17478 | medium | — | 5.5 | — | information disclosure in chromium | |||
| CVE-2018-6459 | medium | — | 5.5 | — | The rsa_pss_params_parse function in libstrongswan/credentials/keys/signature_params.c in strongSwan 5.6.1 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service via a crafted RSASSA-PSS signature that… | |||
| CVE-2018-7727 | medium | — | 5.5 | — | An issue was discovered in ZZIPlib 0.13.68. There is a memory leak triggered in the function zzip_mem_disk_new in memdisk.c, which will lead to a denial of service attack. | |||
| CVE-2018-5709 | medium | — | 5.5 | — | An issue was discovered in MIT Kerberos 5 (aka krb5) through 1.16. There is a variable "dbentry->n_key_data" in kadmin/dbutil/dump.c that can store 16-bit data but unknowingly the developer has assig… | |||
| CVE-2018-14644 | medium | — | 5.5 | — | An issue has been found in PowerDNS Recursor from 4.0.0 up to and including 4.1.4. A remote attacker sending a DNS query for a meta-type like OPT can lead to a zone being wrongly cached as failing DN… | |||
| CVE-2018-8002 | medium | — | 5.5 | — | In PoDoFo 0.9.5, there exists an infinite loop vulnerability in PdfParserObject::ParseFileComplete() in PdfParserObject.cpp which may result in stack overflow. Remote attackers could leverage this vu… | |||
| CVE-2018-19532 | medium | — | 5.5 | — | A NULL pointer dereference vulnerability exists in the function PdfTranslator::setTarget() in pdftranslator.cpp of PoDoFo 0.9.6, while creating the PdfXObject, as demonstrated by podofoimpose. It all… | |||
| CVE-2018-12327 | medium | — | 5.5 | — | Stack-based buffer overflow in ntpq and ntpdc of NTP version 4.2.8p11 allows an attacker to achieve code execution or escalate to higher privileges via a long string as the argument for an IPv4 or IP… | |||
| CVE-2018-1000122 | medium | — | 5.5 | — | A buffer over-read exists in curl 7.20.0 to and including curl 7.58.0 in the RTSP+RTP handling code that allows an attacker to cause a denial of service or information leakage | |||
| CVE-2018-6381 | medium | — | 5.5 | — | In ZZIPlib 0.13.67, 0.13.66, 0.13.65, 0.13.64, 0.13.63, 0.13.62, 0.13.61, 0.13.60, 0.13.59, 0.13.58, 0.13.57 and 0.13.56 there is a segmentation fault caused by invalid memory access in the zzip_disk… | |||
| CVE-2018-12607 | medium | — | 5.5 | — | multiple issues in gitlab | |||
| CVE-2018-12606 | medium | — | 5.5 | — | multiple issues in gitlab | |||
| CVE-2018-10195 | medium | — | 5.5 | — | lrzsz before version 0.12.21~rc can leak information to the receiving side due to an incorrect length check in the function zsdata that causes a size_t to wrap around. | |||
| CVE-2018-1126 | medium | — | 5.5 | — | procps-ng before version 3.3.15 is vulnerable to an incorrect integer size in proc/alloc.* leading to truncation/integer overflow issues. This flaw is related to CVE-2018-1124. | |||
| CVE-2018-5783 | medium | — | 5.5 | — | In PoDoFo 0.9.5, there is an uncontrolled memory allocation in the PoDoFo::PdfVecObjects::Reserve function (base/PdfVecObjects.h). Remote attackers could leverage this vulnerability to cause a denial… | |||
| CVE-2018-1283 | medium | — | 5.5 | — | multiple issues in apache | |||
| CVE-2018-1123 | medium | — | 5.5 | — | procps-ng before version 3.3.15 is vulnerable to a denial of service in ps via mmap buffer overflow. Inbuilt protection in ps maps a guard page at the end of the overflowed buffer, ensuring that the … | |||
| CVE-2018-1122 | medium | — | 5.5 | — | procps-ng before version 3.3.15 is vulnerable to a local privilege escalation in top. If a user runs top with HOME unset in an attacker-controlled directory, the attacker could achieve privilege esca… | |||
| CVE-2018-5730 | medium | — | 5.5 | — | MIT krb5 1.6 or later allows an authenticated kadmin with permission to add principals to an LDAP Kerberos database to circumvent a DN containership check by supplying both a "linkdn" and "containerd… | |||
| CVE-2018-10779 | medium | — | 5.5 | — | TIFFWriteScanline in tif_write.c in LibTIFF 3.8.2 has a heap-based buffer over-read, as demonstrated by bmp2tiff. | |||
| CVE-2018-11256 | medium | — | 5.5 | — | An issue was discovered in PoDoFo 0.9.5. The function PdfDocument::Append() in PdfDocument.cpp in PoDoFo 0.9.5 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (NULL pointer dereference and appli… | |||
| CVE-2018-1000121 | medium | — | 5.5 | — | A NULL pointer dereference exists in curl 7.21.0 to and including curl 7.58.0 in the LDAP code that allows an attacker to cause a denial of service | |||
| CVE-2018-11254 | medium | — | 5.5 | — | An issue was discovered in PoDoFo 0.9.5. There is an Excessive Recursion in the PdfPagesTree::GetPageNode() function of PdfPagesTree.cpp. Remote attackers could leverage this vulnerability to cause a… | |||
| CVE-2018-17144 | medium | — | 5.5 | — | Bitcoin Core 0.14.x before 0.14.3, 0.15.x before 0.15.2, and 0.16.x before 0.16.3 and Bitcoin Knots 0.14.x through 0.16.x before 0.16.3 allow a remote denial of service (application crash) exploitabl… | |||
| CVE-2018-1333 | medium | — | 5.5 | — | denial of service in apache | |||
| CVE-2018-1312 | medium | — | 5.5 | — | multiple issues in apache | |||
| CVE-2018-18384 | medium | — | 5.5 | — | Info-ZIP UnZip 6.0 has a buffer overflow in list.c, when a ZIP archive has a crafted relationship between the compressed-size value and the uncompressed-size value, because a buffer size is 10 and is… | |||
| CVE-2018-1124 | medium | — | 5.5 | — | procps-ng before version 3.3.15 is vulnerable to multiple integer overflows leading to a heap corruption in file2strvec function. This allows a privilege escalation for a local attacker who can creat… |